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題名:漢代之賜杖
書刊名:興大人文學報
作者:洪淑湄
作者(外文):Hong, Sue-may
出版日期:2003
卷期:33(下)
頁次:頁643-662
主題關鍵詞:漢代王杖鳩杖養老Han dynastyRoyal staffPigeon-shaped staffRespecting the elders
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本文主旨是探討漢代時對老年人賜杖的意義,及受杖老人須具備的條件。方法是以傳統史料為背景,充分利用各種出土材料,包括實物及簡牘,以進一步釐清一些過去懸而未解的問題。 漢代養老制度的實施可分為三大範疇:一是賜民生物品,包括賜布帛、米、酒等,以體恤老人衣食之所需。二是減免賦役,減輕老人及服侍老人者的負擔。三是賜杖,給予受杖老人精神的尊敬,並訴諸律令以保護。關於前二者,實施時間明確,目標具體,是以史書記載雖零散但頗詳密。而令一般學者疑惑的是禮遇老年的賜杖到底落實實施否?如何實施?正史僅《續漢書.禮儀志》提及受杖者的年齡及受杖的意義,其餘史籍皆闕如。直至1959年甘肅武威磨嘴子出土鳩杖及纏繞其上的「王杖十簡」,及1981年甘肅省武威市發現「王杖詔令冊」,相繼揭開漢代對養老律令執行的一面。此亦引發學界多方討論王杖的意義及律令的執行,同時也質疑法令付諸實施的困難度,及此制度是否能普及於無刑罰的七十歲以上老人。 近年各地又零散出土鳩杖(首)及相關律令,因而重新檢視,並在舊有研究基礎之上,試圖進一步說明賜杖的對象、年齡、待遇、並釐清賜給庶民者應是鳩杖,其不等同於賜給致事官之几杖。
The dissertation aims to provide more excavated evidence and historical documents so as to define the symbolic meaning the bestowed staffs carried in Han Dynasty, as well at to figure out the qualifications needed for the special honor, the bestowal of a pigeon-shaped staff. The bestowal of staffs was a way for Han government to show its care and respect for the elders, but little in historical records could be found to support the existence of the bestowal system. In 1959 A.D., ten wooden and bamboo strips accompanied by two wooden staffs, each of which was surmounted by a carved pigeon, were unearthed at Mo-chu-tzu, Kansu Province, Mainland China. What’s more, in 1981 A.D., more ancient documents, including twenty-seven strips, which were copied from a file entitiled “Ordinance imperial degrees royal staffs”, were discovered in Kansu as well. Consequently, those findings were of great value to the inference that a staff owner in Han Dynasty not just commanded respect of his society but also was privilleged to fight against, if any, official oppression. However, whether the bestowal system was actually put into practice two thousand years ago remains debatable. Recently, thanks to more evidence from excavated materials and related documents of law and ordinance, the dissertation is thus made possible to clarify some of the disputable issues, inclusive of the qualifications an elder should possess to receive the bestowed staff, the execution of the law to protect the elders, and the difference between the bestowal of a pigeon-shaped staff and teapoy-and-staff.
 
 
 
 
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