Oriental history and social science are two approaches that are commonly employed in Japan’s China studies field. However, a review of the China studies in Japan shows that social science has largely been ignored over oriental history in the academic circle. Using Keio University as a case study, this article tries to indicate the significance of the political science which was brought in as part of the social science and became extraordinarily influential because the idea of the state was always a major concern in the modernization process of Japan. As the consequence of the wholesale importation of this Western approach, the political scientists of Keio University established a tradition in China studies field completely different from that in oriental history. This strong imprint from the West survived after the Second World War although the origins of the influencing source switched from Europe to the United States. Area studies, a new approach emerging in the postwar American academy, became the major framework in analyzing China in the Department of Political Science at Keio University. Nevertheless, this article tries to stress that Keio’s political scientists did not accept the American approach without any reservation. Their experiences from and reflections on the War also created impact upon China studies field. This new approach brought in by the political science renders not only a change in methodology and themes in China studies field in Japan, but also a new perspective in knowing China which will have significant influence in this century Japan’s China studies field and Japan’s knowledge of China.