明代羅旁瑤區，地處廣東西江南岸，控扼著作為兩廣交通咽喉的西江水道。明朝開國後，此地瑤亂頻仍、剿撫不定的局面持續了兩百年之久，直到萬曆四年（1576）經過軍事大征後，才被真正納入王朝統治體系。 本文依據相關原始文獻，重點考察李材在萬曆初年嶺西兵巡道僉事任上，圍繞當時盛行於士大夫之間的講學活動以及大征羅旁計畫的提出和實施，與首輔張居正、兩廣總督殷正茂之間的復雜政治糾葛。而大征最終能夠取得決定性成功的關鍵，不僅在於熟悉地方社會事務的任事官員提出詳細周延的作戰計畫，同樣重要的是，張居正執政時期，朝廷和地方政府在處理社會事務上的密切協調與合作機制。

The Yao nationality in Ming times spread over the Luopang area, which commanded a strategic position on the Xijiang River connecting the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. Yao ethnic insurrections in this area continued for two hundred years, from the founding of the Ming until the decisive government victory in 1576. This paper mainly discusses the political entanglement among provincial official Li Cai (李材, 1529-1606), grand secretary Zhang Juzheng (張居正, 1525-1582) and governor general Yin Zhengmao (殷正茂, 1513~1592) in the disputes over the fashionable discussion of learning movement of the Confucian literati, and over how to attack and seize the Luopang area. It shows that the key factor of the government victory was not confined to the local officials' knowledge of the local social problems and the plan for the military operation; it owed as much to the cooperation between the local governments and the court then dominated by the powerful Zhang Juzheng.