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題名：從梅洛龐蒂的「自由」概念詮釋西蒙波娃的《第二性》問題
書刊名：思與言
作者：劉亞蘭
作者(外文)：Liu, Ya-ian
出版日期：2008
卷期：46:4
頁次：頁175-209
主題關鍵詞：女性身體；西蒙波娃；梅洛龐蒂；自由概念；芭勒；Female body；Simone de Beauvoir；Merleau-ponty；The concept of freedom；Judith Butler
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本文主張《第二性》所論述的觀點並非一種生物決定論或生物化約論，而是一種存在－現象學觀點：上述誤解可能來自於《第二性》的寫作方式，這種寫作方式使讀者易陷入《第二性》所呈現的生動案例，但不明白西蒙波娃爲何如此呈現？本文將說明：《第二性》其實是一種哲學方法論的運用－亦即這是一種「現象學描述」(phenomenological description)。爲了論證此觀點，我將藉由沙特(Jean-Paul Sartre)幼與梅洛龐蒂(Maurice Merleau-Ponty)對「自由」(freedom)概念的對比差異來說明：《第二隨》所描述的「女性身體」是一個「處境中的主體」(situated subject)，而這樣的身體觀要駁斥的正是把身體當作「生物決定論」的化約主義。最後，我將說明：《第二性》也不主張一種像芭勒(Judith Butler)所說的「社會建構論」。事實上，芭勒的解讀策略並未如實呈現《第二性》的真正全貌。
Many readers of The Second Sex are under the impression that this is a book talking about women/female's negative body. For this reason, the author of The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir is favor of biological determinism.
In this paper, Ⅰ will argue that Simone de Beauvoir does not advocate biological determinism but contend a phenomenological view in The Second Sex. That is to say, many descriptions of women/female's negative body in The Second Sex are a kind of phenomenological description. Ⅰ will use the concept of freedom of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's to explain that women/female's negative body in The Second Sex is a situated subject or embodied body. Finally, I will refute Judith Butler' view and argue that The Second Sex is not a kind of social constructivism.
期刊論文
1.Kruks, Sonia(1992)。Gender and Subjectivity: Simone de Beauvoir and Contemporary Feminism。Jounal of Women in Culture and Society，18(1)，89-110。  new window
2.Butler, Judith(1988)。Performative acts and gender constitution: an essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory。Theatre Journal，40(4)，519-531。  new window
3.Bigwood, Carol(1999)。Renaturalizing the Body (with the help of Merleau-Ponty)。Hypatia，6(3)，54-73。  new window
4.Butler, Judith(1986)。Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir's Second Sex。Yale French Studies，72，35-49。  new window
5.Heinämaa, Sara(1997)。What is a Woman? Butler and Beauvoir on the Foundations of the Sexual Difference。Hypatia，12(1)，20-39。  new window
6.Heinämaa, Sara(1999)。Simone de Beauvoir's Phenomenology of Sexual Difference。Hypatia，14(4)，114-132。  new window
7.Stewart, Jon(1995)。Merleau-Ponty's Criticisms of Sartre's Theory of Freedom。Philosophy Today，39(3-4)，311-324。  new window
圖書
1.Heinamaa, Sara(2003)。Toward a Phenomenology of Sexual Difference: Husserl, Merleau-Ponty。Beauvoir, Lanham, Md.：Rowman & Littlefield Publishers。  new window
2.Kruks, Sonia(2001)。Retrieving Experience: Subjectivity and Recognition in Feminist Politics。Ithaca/London。  new window
3.Merleau-Ponty, Maurice、Smith, Colin(1962)。Phenomenology of Perception。London：Routledge & Kegan Paul。  new window
4.O'Brien, Mary(1981)。The Politics of Reproduction。Boston, MA。  new window
5.de Beauvoir, Simone、Parshley, H. M.(1989)。The Second Sex。New York：Vintage Books。  new window
6.Butler, Judith P.(1990)。Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity。Routledge。  new window
7.Moi, Toril(1990)。Feminist Theory and Simone de Beauvoir。Feminist Theory and Simone de Beauvoir。Oxford, UK/Cambridge, Mass., USA。  new window
8.Butler, Judith(1989)。Sexual Ideology and Phenomenological Description: a Feminist Critique of Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception。The Thinking Muse: Feminism and Modern French Philosophy。Bloomington and Indianapolis。  new window
9.Butler, Judith(1992)。Gendering the Body: Beauvoir's Philosophical Contribution。Women, Knowledge, and Reality: Explorations in Feminist Philosophy。New York。  new window
10.Cataldi, Suzanne L.(2001)。The Body as a Basis for Being: Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau-Ponty。The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir。Dordrecht。  new window
11.Fisher, Linda、Embree, Lester(2000)。Feminist Phenomenology。Feminist Phenomenology。Netherlands。  new window
12.Gatens, Moira(2003)。Beauvoir and Biology: s Second Look。The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir。Cambridge, U.K./ New York。  new window
13.Kruks, Sonia(1990)。Situation and Human Existence: Freedom, Subjectivity, and Society。Situation and Human Existence: Freedom, Subjectivity, and Society。London。  new window
14.Kruks, Sonia(1995)。Simone de Beauvoir: Teaching Sartre About Freedom。Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir。University Park。  new window
15.Mackenzie, Catriona(1986)。Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophy and/or the Female Body。Feminist Challenges: Social and Political Theory。Boston。  new window
16.Moi, Toril(2005)。Sex, Gender, and the Body。Sex, Gender, and the Body。Oxford。  new window
17.O'Brien, Wendy、Embree, Lester。The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir。The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir。Dordrecht。  new window
18.Okely, Judith(1986)。Simone de Beauvoir: A Re-Reading。Simone de Beauvoir: A Re-Reading。London。  new window
19.Oksala, Johanna(2006)。Female Freedom: Can the Lived Body Be Emancipated ?。Feminist Interpretations of Merleau-Ponty。University Park。  new window
20.Sartre, Jean-Paul(1956)。Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology。Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology。New York。  new window
21.Simons, Margaret A.(2001)。The Beginnings of Beauvoir's Existential Phenomenology。The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir。Dordrecht。  new window
22.Ward, Julie K.(1995)。Beaivoir's Two Senses of 'Body' in The Second Sex。Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir。University Park。  new window
 
 
 
 
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