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題名:可見與不可見的:梅洛龐蒂視覺哲學研究
作者:劉亞蘭 引用關係
作者(外文):Ya-Lan, Liu
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:哲學研究所
指導教授:陳文團
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2004
主題關鍵詞:梅洛龐蒂女性主義視覺現象學西蒙波娃《第二性》伊希嘉黑拉岡Merleau-PontyfeminismvisionphenomenologySimone de BeauvoirThe Second SexIrigarayLacan
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本論文要探討的問題是:在知覺經驗中,知覺者和被知覺者的關係為何?在這些知覺經驗裡,我特別關注的是看與被看之間的關係。在知覺者/被知覺者、看/被看關係的這個主軸下,我把討論的重點放在法國現象學家梅洛龐蒂其哲學思想和女性主義之間的關係。也就是說,就梅洛龐蒂這個部分,我要討論:一個觀看的主體如何也是一個被看的客體?就女性主義的部分而言,我要討論的是:觀看的男性是否必然等同於一個侵略者,剝奪被觀看的女性的主體性?而被觀看的女性是否必然等同於一個被侵犯的客體,被動地等待奪去主體性?在第一章,我把重點放在梅洛龐蒂對性愛知覺和他人知覺的解釋上,來說明一個知覺者如何知覺他人、與他人互動?並論證:梅洛龐蒂哲學或現象學和女性主義之間是相容而且可以相互合作的。第二章,我認為西蒙波娃的《第二性》就已經呈現這種合作的契機,但是另一方面,《第二性》有其理論上的困境。而梅洛龐蒂對處境和自由的說明正好可以解消西蒙波娃的《第二性》所遇到的難題。藉由這些說明,我亦凸顯梅洛龐蒂對知覺經驗的一個重要主張:我是主體也是客體。第三章,我繼續討論梅洛龐蒂對於知覺經驗中的「曖昧」性格,以進一步說明他對身體和知覺的理解為何。同時,本章也從梅洛龐蒂對知覺經驗的說明過渡到視覺經驗。並說明梅洛龐蒂對於視覺的態度如何迥異於笛卡爾傳統下對視覺的理解以及梅洛龐蒂對視覺的樂觀態度是否會讓女性主義者感到焦慮不安?第四章「視覺經驗:可見的與不可見的纏繞與交錯」,我說明的是梅洛龐蒂中、晚期思想裡對視覺態度從現象學到一種準結構主義式的轉變。我亦藉由伊希嘉黑和拉岡對視覺的看法與梅洛龐蒂作比較,以凸顯梅洛龐蒂視覺哲學的特色,亦即:男性的觀看注視非但不具有把女體客體化的力量,相反的,注視本身具有一種溫柔、親近和開放的屬性;而被觀看的女性不是一個被動的客體,而是一個「身體主體」。
This thesis discusses the relationship between perceiver and perceptible. In these percipient experiences, I specially pay attention to the relationship between vision and visible. In this context, the focus is placed on whether French phenomenologist Merleau-Ponty’s philosophical thinking is compatible with feminism. That is to say, as part of Merleau-Ponty, I discuss how the see-subject is also the seen-object; as part of feminism, I discuss whether the see-man is necessarily equal to a invader who deprives the seen-woman’s subjectivity and whether the seen-woman is necessarily equal to a object whose subjectivity is been encroached and seized passively by man. In chapter 1, my key point is that Merleau-Ponty how to explain the perception of erotic and the perception of Other. I also argue that phenomenology can compatible with feminism and cooperates each other. In chapter 2, I think that the cooperation of phenomenology and feminism had already appeared in Simone Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. But on the other hand, The Second Sex encounters the dilemma about the concept of freedom, and I think that Merleau-Ponty’s explanation about situation and freedom could dissolve this dilemma in The Second Sex. In chapter 3, I proceed to examine that Merleau-Ponty discusses about the ‘ambiguous’ character in percipient experiences. By these explanations, I argue that Merleau-Ponty about vision is widely different from the Cartesianism. In chapter 4, I discuss that Merleau-Ponty transforms from phenomenology to quasi-structuralism about vision on his middle and the later period. And I compare with the viewpoints of Luce Irigaray and Jacques Lacan about vision to show the feature of Merleau-Ponty about vision, that is, the vision possesses the attributes of tender, intimate and openness, therefore the seen-woman is not a passively object but a ‘body-subject’.
參考書目
論文相關的梅洛龐蒂原典:
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Phénoménologie de la perception, Paris: Gallimard, 1945.
(英譯本:Phenomenology of Perception, trans. by Colin Smith, London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962.)
(中譯本:《知覺現象學》,莫里斯·梅洛-龐蒂著,姜志輝譯,北京市:商務,2001。)
------, Sens et non-sens, Paris : Nagel,1966.
(英譯本:Sense and Non-Sense, trans. by Hubert L. Dreyfus & Patricia Allen Dreyfus, Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 1964a)
------, Signes, Paris: Gallimard, 1960.
(英譯本:Signs, trans. by Richard C. McCleary, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964b).
------,The Primacy of Perception, ed. by James M. Edie, Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 1964c.
------, Le visible et l''invisible, Paris: Gallimard, 1964d.
(英譯本:The Visible and the Invisible, ed. by Claude Lefort ; trans. by Alphonso Lingis, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968)
------,The Prose of the World, ed. by Claude Lefort, trans. by John O''Neill, Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 1973.
------, Texts and Dialogues: On Phiosophy, Politics, and Culture, ed.Hugh J.Silverman and James Barry,JR., trans. by Michael B. Smith, Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1992.
中文:
王正華,〈藝術史與文化史的交界:關於視覺文化研究〉,《近代中國史研究通訊》,第32期,2001年9月。
王建元,〈梅露彭迪的知覺藝術與女性主義的身體論述〉,《中外文學》,第28卷,第12期,2000年5月。new window
加勒特·湯姆森(Garrett Thomson),《笛卡爾》,王軍譯,北京市:中華書局,2002。
朱崇儀,〈伊希迦赫的內視鏡:向視覺中心主義挑戰的第一步〉,《當代》雜誌,第112期,1995。史瓦茲(Alice Schwarzer),收錄於《拒絕做第二性的女人:西蒙波娃訪問錄》,顧燕翎[等]譯,台北市:婦女新知,1986。
何春蕤,〈自我培力與專業操演:與台灣性工作者的對話〉,收錄於《性工作研究》,(桃園縣:中央大學性/別研究室,2003。new window
李顯立,〈差異與觀影快感〉收錄於《女性與影像》,游惠貞編,台北:遠流,1994。李臺芳,《女性電影理論》,台北:揚智,1996。
周蕾,《婦女與中國現代性---東西方之間閱讀記》,臺北:麥田,1995。new window
夏路蒙(Jean-Luc Chalumeau),《藝術解讀》,王玉齡、黃海鳴譯,臺北:遠流,1996。
陳澄波,《陳澄波畫集》,台北:雄獅,1979。
黃宗慧,〈看誰在看誰?:從拉岡之觀視理論省視女性主義電影批評〉,《中外文學》,第25卷,第4期,1996年9月。new window
賀淑瑋,〈「吶喊」與〈青春〉:論培根與白先勇的感官邏輯〉,收錄於《台灣當代小說史綜論》,陳義芝編,台北:聯經出版,1998。
焦雄屏編,《菊豆》,臺北市:萬象,1992。
齊隆壬,〈女性主義與現代電影理論和批評〉,《當代》雜誌,1986,9月。
維爾第(Richard Verdi),《塞尚》,刁筱華譯,臺北:遠流,1997。
豪賽爾(Arnold Hauser),《西洋社會藝術進化史》,邱彰譯,台北:雄獅,1987。
劉紀蕙,〈文化研究的視覺系統〉,《中外文學》,第30卷,第12期,2002年5月。new window
劉毓秀,〈走出「唯一」,流向「非一」:從佛洛伊德到依蕊格萊〉,《中外文學》,第24卷,第11期,1996。new window
蔡美麗,《胡賽爾》,台北市:東大出版,1990。
英文:
Allen, Jeffner and Young Iris M., ed., The Thinking Muse: Feminism and Modern French Philosophy, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Arp, Kristana, “Beauvoir’s Concept of Bodily Aliention” in Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir, ed. by Margaret A. Simons, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.
Berger, John, The Ways of Seeing, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1977. (中文譯本可參考:約翰伯格,《看的方法》,陳志梧譯,台北:明文,1991。)
Bigwood, Carol, “Renaturalizing the Body (with the help of Merleau-Ponty)”, Hypatia, Vol.14, no. 6,no.3,1999. Pp.54-73.
Boulé, Jean-Pierre, “The Body in Being and Nothingness”, in Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science, Vol.19, Nos.1&2, 1994. Pp.151-162.
Butler, Judith, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory”, in Theatre Journal, no. 40, 1988. Pp.519-531.
------, “Sexual Ideology and Phenomenological Description: a Feminist Critique of Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception” in: in The Thinking Muse: Feminism and Modern French Philosophy, ed. by Jeffner Allen and Iris Marion Young, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.Pp86-89.
------,“Gendering the Body: Beauvoir’s Philosophical Contribution”, in Women, Knowledge, and Reality: Explorations in Feminist Philosophy, ed. by Ann Garry and Marilyn Pearsall, New York: Routldge, 1992.
Cataldi, Suzanne L., “The Body as a Basis for Being: Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau-Ponty” in The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir, ed. by Margaret A. Simons, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
Compton, John J., “Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Human Freedom”, The Journal of Philosophy, 1982. Pp.577-588.
de Beauvoir, Simone, The Second Sex, trans. and ed. by H. M. Parshley, New York: Vintage Books, 1989.(亦參考中文譯本:西蒙波娃,《第二性》,陶鐵柱譯,臺北:貓頭鷹出版,1999。)
de Saussure, Ferdinand, Course in general Lingistics, edited by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye in collaboration with Albert Riedlinger ; trans. by Wade Baskin, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1959.
Descartes, Rene, Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Meteorology, trans. by Paul J. Olscamp, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.
------, The philosophical Writings of Descartes(Vol 1), trans. by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, Dugald Murdoch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Dietz, Mary G., “Introduction: Debating Simone de Beauvoir”, in Signs: Jounal of Women in Culture and Society, vol.18, no.1, [Special Cluster: Simone de Beauvoir], 1992. Pp.74-88.
Evans, Jessica and Hall, Stuart, ed., Visual Culture: The Reader, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage, 1999.
Evans, Fred and Lawlor, Leonard, ed., Chiasms: Merleau-Ponty''s Notion of Flesh, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Featherstone, Mike, Hepworth, Mike, Turner Bryan S., ed., The Body : Social Process And Cultural Theory, London: Sage, 1991.
Fisher, Linda and Embree, Lester, ed., Feminist Phenomenology, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things:An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
Gamman, Lorraine, and Marshment, Margaret ed., “Desperately Seeking Difference” in The Female Gaze : Women as Viewers of Popular Culture, London: Women''s Press, 1988.
Gatens, Moira, Imaginary Bodies : Ethics, Power, and Corporeality, New York : Routledge, 1996.
------, “Beauvoir and Biology: a Second Look”, in The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir, ed. by Claudia Card, Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Grosz, Elizabeth, “Merleau-Ponty and Irigaray in the Flesh”, in Thesis Eleven, no. 36, 1993. Pp.37-59.
Heinämaa, Sara, “Simone de Beauvoir’s Phenomenology of Sexual Difference”, in Hypatia, Vol.14, no. 4, 1999. Pp.114-132.
Heron, John, “The Phenomenology of Social Encounter: The Gaze”, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, no.31, 1970. Pp.243-264.
Hoeller, Keith, ed., Merleau-Ponty and Psychology, Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1993.
Hohler, Thomas P., “The Limit of Language and the Threshold of Speech: Saussure and Merleau-Ponty”, in Philosophy Today, 1982. Pp.287-299.
Husserl, Edmund, “Philosophy as Rigorous Science”, in Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy, trans. by Quentin Lauer, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965.
------, Idea : General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, trans. by W. R. Boyce Gibson, New York: Collier Books, 1962.
------, Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, trans. by J. N. Findlay, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Humanities Press, 1970.
Irigaray, Luce, Elemental Passions, trans. by Joanne Collie and Judith Still, London: Athlone Press, 1992.
------, “This Sex Which Is Not One”, in This Sex which Is Not One, trans. by Catherine Porter with Carolyn Burke, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.
------, Speculum of the Other Woman, trans. by Gillian Gill, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985.
------,Elemental Passions, trans. by Joanne Collie and Judith Still, London: Athlone Press, 1992.
------, An Ethics of Sexual Difference, trans. by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993.
------,The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger, trans. by Mary Beth Mader, London : Athlone Press; Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.
Jaggar, Alison M. and Young, Iris Marion, ed., A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1998.
James, Susan, “Complicity and Slavery in The second sex” in The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir, ed. by Claudia Card, Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Jay, Martin, Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Johnson Galen A., ed., The Merleau-Ponty: Philosophy and Painting, Aesthetics Reader, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993.
Jonas, Hans, “The Nobility of Sight: A Study in the Phenomenology of the Senses,” in The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Judovitz, Dalia, “Vision, Representation, and Technology in Descartes”, in Modernity and the Hegemony of Vision,ed. By David Michael Levin, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Koukal, D.R., “Merleau-Ponty’s Reform of Saussure: Linguistic Innovation and the Practice of Phenomenology”, in The Southern Journal of Philosophy, XXXVIII, 2000. Pp.599-617.
Kruks, Sonia, Situation and Human Existence : Freedom, Subjectivity, and Society, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
------, “Gender and Subjectivity: Simone de Beauvoir and Contemporary Feminism”, in Signs: Jounal of Women in Culture and Society, vol.18, no.1, [Special Cluster: Simone de Beauvoir], 1992. Pp.89-110.
--------, ”Simone de Beauvoir: Teaching Sartre About Freedom”, in Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir, ed. by Margaret A. Simons, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.
Lacan, Jacques, “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience”, in Écrits : A Selection, trans. by Alan Sheridan, New York: Norton, 1977.(中譯:〈精神分析經驗所揭示形塑「我」之功能的鏡像階段〉,李家沂譯,《中外文學》,第27卷,第2期,1998年7月。)new window
------, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis, ed. by Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. by Alan Sheridan, Vintage, 1998版.
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