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題名：GATS同類服務與服務供給者問題之研究(上)
書刊名：臺灣國際法季刊
作者：林伊君
作者(外文)：Lin, Yi-jun
出版日期：2009
卷期：6:2
頁次：頁189-254
主題關鍵詞：不歧視待遇；同類服務與服務供給者；同類產品；同類情形；同類性之適用範圍；統一服務分類項目；供給模式；電子化服務；W/120；CPC；Non-discrimination；GATS；Like services and service suppliers；Like products；Like circumstances；The coverage of likeness；United standard of classifications of services industries；Supply modes；Electronic services
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適用GATS第二條與第十七條規定有一先決條件，須先認定案件之服務或服務供給者是否符合「同類服務與服務供給者」，唯有確定會員系爭措施規範對象與其他會員之服務或服務供給者，或是國內服務或服務供給者爲同類服務或同類服務供給者，方能判斷會員系爭措施有無對同類服務與服務供給者給予差別待遇。由於服務具有不可識別性與不可儲存性，欲判斷服務或服務供給者間是否爲同類服務或服務供給者實爲困難，加上GATS原文對「同類服務與服務供給者」之服務與服務供給者係以「和」爲連接詞，引發學者與會員就「同類服務」與「同類服務供給者」應屬累積適用或選擇適用亦爭議不斷。甚而，GATS第一條第一項將服務貿易區分爲四種不同供給模式，提供之服務或服務供給者會因使用供給模式之不同，而被認定爲不同類服務或不同類服務供給者？此外，如何解釋GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」之適用範圍，使其可與GATS第二條與第十七條規範目的相呼應，亦極具挑戰性。本文首先整理GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」之歷史演進，分析GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」存在之適用上爭議，進一步歸納GATS涉及「同類服務與服務供給者」案件中爭端解決小組與上訴機構之見解，以瞭解WTO爭端解決小組與上訴機構是否對GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」提出適當之解決。其次，基於GATS與關稅與貨品貿易總協定(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, GATT)規範之相似性，GATT/WTO設及「同類產品」爭端案件已建立起一定之認定方法，「GATS同類服務與服務供給者（下）」一文中將分析GATT/WTO涉及「同類產品」案件，探討GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」能否借重GATT/WTO「同類產品」之判決經驗，以解決相關適用上爭議。
Observing recently GATS (The General Agreement on Trade in Services) cases, one fourth cases are relevant to non-discrimination regulations under GATS-Article 2 and 17. While applying to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, a essential condition for the Panel or Appellate Body, before considering whether Members' domestic measures in question are obstacles to international services market, is to determine whether foreign services and services suppliers and domestic services and service suppliers are 'like services' and 'like service supplier'. For 'like services and service suppliers' is a crucial requirement of non-discrimination regulations under GATS, finding out how to apply to 'like services and service suppliers' in WTO dispute settlements is an important research topic. Issues related to 'like services and service suppliers' include: how to determine 'like services' and 'like service suppliers'; how to decide whether the services and service suppliers through different supply modes are like services and like service suppliers; whether 'like services' and 'like service suppliers' should be calculated application or selected applicaiton. Notwithstanding the requirement of non-discrimination principles- 'like services and service suppliers' exists plenty problems, GATS did not define the meaning of 'like serivces' and 'like service suppliers', neither did GATS dispute cases clarify the application problems of 'like services and service suppliers'. In order to resolve issues of 'like services and service suppliers', firstly, the article discusses what issues are caused from applying to 'like services and service suppliers', and what factors make 'like services and services suppliers' so hard to explain. Then, the article researches how GATS cases apply to 'like servies and service suppliers'. In the third part, the article analyzes GATT (The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)/WTO cases regarding 'like products'. Finally, by comparing the dispute cases of GATS and of GATT/WTO, the article demonstrates possible resolusions to the issues of 'like services and service suppliers'.
期刊論文
1.Gao, Henry(20070900)。The Mighty Pen, the Almighty Dollar, and the Holy Hammer and Sickle : An Examination of the Conflict between Trade Liberalization and Domestic Cultural Policy with Special Regard to the Recent Dispute between the United States and China on Restrictions on Certain Cultural Products。Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy，2(2)，313-343。new window  new window
2.Howse, Robert、Tuerk, Elisabeth(200209)。The WTO Negotiations on Services: The Regulatory State up for Grabs。Canada Watch，9(1/2)。  new window
3.Zdouc, Werner(199906)。WTO Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to the GATS。Journal of International Economic Law，2，295-317。  new window
4.Mattoo, Aaditya(1997)。National treatment in the GATS: Corner-stone or Pandora's Box?。Journal of World Trade，31(1)，107-136。  new window
5.Abu-Akeel, Aly K.(1999)。Definition of Trade in Services under the GATS: Legal Implications。George Washingdom Journal of International Law and Economic，32，189-210。  new window
研究報告
1.(20050407)。United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services。  new window
2.(20041110)。United States - Measures Affecting the Cross Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services。  new window
3.(19970909)。European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas。  new window
4.Trade in Services(20010328)。Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)。  new window
5.WTO(20071011)。China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products: Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States。  new window
6.(19961004)。Japan-Tax on Alcoholic Beverage。  new window
7.Cossy, Mireille(2006)。Determining “likeness” under the GATS: Squaring the circle?。  new window
8.(2000)。Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry。  new window
9.(20000211)。Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry。  new window
10.(19970522)。European Communities-Regime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of Bananas。  new window
學位論文
1.洪佳琳(200407)。由安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案--探討服務貿易之部門分類標準(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Hoekman, Bernard M.、Kostecki, Michel M.(2002)。THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM-THE WTO AND BEYOND。Oxford Press。  new window
2.Sacha Wunsch Vincent(2006)。THE WTO, THE INTERNET AND TRADE IN DIGITAL PRODUCTS: EC-US PERSPECTIVCES。Hart Publishing。  new window
3.石靜霞、陳衛東(199610)。WTO國際服務成案硏究(1996-2005)。北京大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.Amerasinghe, C. F.(2005)。PRINCIPLE OF THE INSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS。Cambridge Press。  new window
5.WTO Secretariat(2001)。GUIDE TO THE GATS-A OVERVIEW OF ISSUSES FOR FURTHER LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES。WTO。  new window
6.WTO(2005)。A HANDBOOK ON THE GATS AGREEMENT。WTO Secretariat Publication。  new window
7.Tinawi, Emad、Berkey, Judson O.(1999)。E-Services and the WTO: The Adequacy of the GATS Classification Framework。OECD Forum on E-Services。  new window
8.羅昌發(2004)。國際貿易法：世界貿易組織下之法律新秩序。台北：元照。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.張新平(19960000)。世界貿易組織下之服務貿易。臺北：月旦出版社。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Jackson, John H.(1989)。The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations。Cambridge, MA：MIT Press。  new window
11.石靜霞(200604)。WTO服務貿易法專論。法律出版社。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.CSC(19970604)。Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services(S/CSCAV/6)。  new window
2.CSS(20010514)。Communication form the Members of the Andean Community Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela-Definition of Criteria for Classification of Services(S/CSS/W/89)。  new window
3.CTS(19981116)。The Work Programme of Electronic Commerce-Note by the Secretariat(S/CAV/68)。  new window
4.Interim Report to the General Council(19990331)。Work Programme of Electronic Commerce(S/C/8)。  new window
5.Special Distribution(19891007)。Communication from United States-Agreement on Trade in Services(MTN.GNS/W/75)。  new window
6.Special Distribution(19891110)。Communication from Mexico-Elements for a Framework Agreement with Special Reference to the Participation oj Developing Countries(MTN.CNSAV/85)。  new window
7.Special Distribution(19900723)。Introductory Note by the Chairman on the GNS Negotiation on a Framework Agreement-Draft Multilateral Framework for Trade in Services(MTN.GNS/35)。  new window
8.Special Distribution(19930903)。Schedules of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services. Explanatory Note(MTN.GNSAV/164)。  new window
9.Trade Negotiation Committee(19911220)。Draft Final Act embodying the Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiation(MTN.TNCAV/FA)。  new window
10.WTO(20070416)。China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products: Request for Consultations by the United States(WT/DS363/1)。  new window
11.WTO Secretariat(19910710)。Services Sectoral Classification List(MTN.GNS/W/120)。  new window
圖書論文
1.Davey, William J.、Pauwelyn, Joost(2002)。MFN Unconditionality: A Legal Analysis of the Concept in View of its Evolution in the GATT/WTO Jurisprudence with Particular Reference to the Issue of "Like Product。REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW。  new window
2.彭心儀(200509)。由美國禁止網路賭博爭端案論服務貿易市場開放及國民待遇之規範解釋與體系建構。WTO服務貿易與通訊科技法律。台北：元照出版社。  延伸查詢new window
3.Mattoo, Aaditya(2000)。MFN and the GATS。REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW。  new window
 
 
 
 
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