FTA非關稅措施規範多邊化之可行性探討－以技術性貿易障礙與服務貿易為例_

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題名：	FTA非關稅措施規範多邊化之可行性探討－以技術性貿易障礙與服務貿易為例
作者：	陳孟君
校院名稱：	東吳大學
系所名稱：	法律學系
指導教授：	李貴英
學位類別：	博士
出版日期：	2018
主題關鍵詞：	世界貿易組織；自由貿易協定；非關稅措施；非關稅障礙；技術性貿易障礙；服務貿易；WTO；FTA；Non-Tariff Measures；Non-Tariff Barriers；Technical Barriers to Trade；Service Trade
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:6

WTO自成立以來，一直是全球經貿制度之治理核心。然而，隨著WTO談判進展不如預期，再加上WTO規範無法滿足21世紀國際貿易型態需求之下，近年來各國爭相投入FTA簽署活動，藉由FTA談判來處理WTO規範不足或尚未被納入的非關稅措施議題。
的確，在WTO現行決策機制採取「共識決」之下，許多無法在WTO架構下推展或有實質成果之議題，透過FTA確實可更快達成目標。但在各國談判資源有限且可能同時有數個FTA情況下，FTA亦可能造成「義大利麵碗效果」（Spaghetti-bowl Effect），反而難以實現原本預期的貿易利益。此外，部分敏感議題，如農業補貼及支持政策，尚需仰賴WTO多邊場域。
基此，FTA究竟是會弱化WTO之地位與功能，抑或是二者具有相輔相成之關係，文獻上即有許多的討論。該等討論主要包括競爭論、互補論以及並行論三者。雖然至目前為主，有關FTA與WTO二者間之關係並無定論，但若回顧實務運作經驗卻可發現，FTA的規範內容確實曾經成為WTO多邊規則談判之基礎，且二者之間具有相互影響之關係。例如早期的NAFTA規範便對GATS產生影響；而貿易便捷化議題亦成功被納入WTO談判之中，並於2017年生效。
在此一背景下，本文擬探討在21世紀國際貿易型態的轉變下，新世代FTA關切之非關稅措施規範議題，特別是對我國具有重要利益之二項議題，即TBT與服務貿易，未來進一步被納入WTO多邊體制之可行性與可能推動模式及挑戰。

以文找文

This dissertation aims to discuss the non-tariff measures of the new generation FTAs are concerned about under the transformation of the international trade pattern in the 21st century. The study will focus specifically on the two topics that have important interests for Taiwan – TBT and trade in services. Furthermore, it examines the feasibility, potential facilitation models, and probable challenges for TBT and trade in services to be integrated into the existing multilateral system of the WTO.
The topic was chosen as WTO has always been the core of the governance of the global economic and trade system since its establishment. However, as the progressions of WTO negotiations are not as expected and its rules and norms cannot meet the demands for international trade in the 21st century, signing FTAs has become an alternative for many countries in terms of dealing with the deficiency of the current WTO regulatory structure and the non-tariff measures issues.
It is fair to argue that FTA stands as a more efficient method in terms of achieving substantive results that will often be delayed under the current WTO consensus decision making mechanism. However, the signing of FTA may create the “Spaghetti-bowl Effect” since states are limited in negotiation resources and can have several FTAs undergoing at the same time. In other words, the expected trade interests may not be accomplished through FTAs. Furthermore, the negotiations of some sensitive issues such as agricultural subsidies and supportive policies will still depend on the multilateral nature of WTO.
Accordingly, there are many discussions in the literature on whether the FTA will cripple the status and function of WTO, or whether the two can establish some form of complementary relationship. These discussions mainly include the theory of competition, the theory of complementarity, and the theory of parallelism. Although the current relationship between FTA and WTO is inconclusive, a review of the previous operational experiences indicate that the contents of FTAs have been included as the basis for negotiations on WTO multilateral rules, and the two share an impactful relationship that works both ways. For example, the early NAFTA regulations had an impact on GATS; and trade facilitation issues were successfully incorporated into the WTO negotiations and came into effect in 2017.

以文找文

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22. Winters, L. Alan, Preferential Trading Agreements: Friend or Foe, in PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: A LAW AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, edited by Kyle W. Bagwell and Petros C. Mavroidis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7-30 (2011).
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(三) 英文期刊文獻
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(四) 其他類型文獻
1. APEC, Perceptions on the Use of Non-Tariff Measures Within the APEC Region, APEC#214-SE-01.10 (2014), https://www.apec.org/Publications/2014/06/Perceptions-on-the-Use-of-Non-Tariff-Measures-Within-the-APEC-Region.
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3. Baldwin, Richard, Globalisation: the Great Unbundling(s), in Globalisation challenges for Europe (2006a), http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/ctei/shared/CTEI/Baldwin/Publications/Chapters/Globalization/Baldwin_06-09-20.pdf.
4. Baldwin, Richard, Simon Evenett and Patrick Low, Beyond Tariffs: Multilaterising Deeper RTA Commitments, Paper presented at WTO-HEI Conference on Multilateralising Regionalism September 10-12, 2007 (2007), https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/con_sep07_e/baldwin_evenett_low_e.pdf .
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11. Dee, Philippa, A Compendium of Barriers to Services Trade, Prepared for the World Bank, Canberra: The Australian National University (2005), https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/3492.pdf.
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13. European Commission, Trade and Investment Barriers Report 2011－ Engaging Our Strategic Economic Partners on Improved Market Access: Priorities for Action on Breaking down Barriers to Trade, COM (2011)114, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/march/tradoc_147629.pdf.
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17. Molina, Ana Cristina, and Vira Khoroshavina, TBT Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements：To What Extent Do They Go Beyond the WTO TBT Agreement？, WTO Staff Working Paper, No. ERSD-2015-09 (2015), https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/125799/1/845006401.pdf.
18. Nordås, Hildegunn Kyvik and Dorothée Rouzet, The Impact of Services Trade Restrictiveness on Trade Flows, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 178 (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js6ds9b6kjb-en.
19. OECD, Standards and Conformity Assessment in Trade: Minimising Barriers and Maximising Benefits, Workshop and Policy Dialogue (2005), https://www.oecd.org/trade/ntm/36223999.pdf.
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21. Reyes, Jose-Daniel, International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade, World Bank Policy Research working paper, No. WPS 5677 (2011), https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3442.
22. South Centre, Global Value Chains (GVCs) from a Development Perspective, Analytical Note, SC/TDP/AN/AG/14 (2013), https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/AN_GVCs-from-a-Development-Perspective_EN.pdf.
23. Staiger, Robert W., Non-tariff Measures and the WTO, WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2012-01 (2012), https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201201_e.pdf.
24. World Economic Forum, the Shifting Geography of Global Value Chains: Implications for Developing Countries and Trade Policy (2012), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalTradeSystem_Report_2012.pdf.

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