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題名：從州議會到國會：探索美國州議會專業化對議員政治生涯的影響
書刊名：選舉研究
作者：俞振華 引用關係
作者(外文)：Yu, Eric Chen-hua
出版日期：2010
卷期：17:1
頁次：頁129-147
主題關鍵詞：美國州議會；美國聯邦眾議院；議會專業性；晉陞可能性；政治生涯；U.S. State legislatures；U.S. house of representatives；Legislative professionalism；Likelihood of advancement；Political career
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本文摘要 本文以美國為例，探討地方議會專業化程度提高後，是否更有助於議員更上層樓，進軍國會？抑或更有益於議員留在地方議會內發展其政治生涯？透過實證分析美國各州州議員晉陞聯邦眾議院的資料，本文發現專業性的州議會既可協助州議員晉陞國會，也可以是州議員政治生涯的終站。以州議員晉陞聯邦眾議院為例，「專業性—晉陞可能」兩者之間並非如過去研究者所定義的線性關係。州議員晉陞聯邦眾議院的可能性可視為是州議會專業性程度的凸函數，即存在某個州議會專業性程度能夠極大化州議員晉陞聯邦眾議院的可能性。此外，州議會專業性的高低同時影響民主黨籍與共和黨籍州議員的前途選擇：就影響的程度而言，兩黨間或許存在些許差異，但影響的方式並沒有明顯的黨派之分。
Abstract This essay explores the extent to which legislative professionalism alters state legislators’ career paths to Congress in the United States. Using crosssectional data for sixteen Congresses in the period from 1974 to 2004, I argue that the likelihood of advancement to the House of Representatives for state legislators is a quadratic function of legislative professionalism measured by legislative salary. Furthermore, there exists a critical level of legislative salary that maximizes this function. At this critical level, the marginal effect of legislative professionalism on the likelihood of advancement to the House for state legislators goes to zero. Additionally, the effect of state legislative professionalism on the likelihood of advancement to the House for state legislators does not differ significantly for Democrats and Republicans.
期刊論文
1.Fiorina, Morris P.(1994)。Divided Government in the American States: A Byproduct of Legislative Professionalism。American Political Science Review，88(2)，304-316。  new window
2.Robinson, William S.(1950)。Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals。American Sociological Review，15(3)，351-357。  new window
3.Squire, P.(1988)。Member Career Opportunities and the Internal Organization of Legislatures。The Journal of Politics，50(3)，726-744。  new window
4.Berry, William D.、Berkman, Michael B.、Schneiderman, Stuart(2000)。Legislative Professionalism and Incumbent Reelection: The Development of Institutional Boundaries。American Political Science Review，94(4)，859-874。  new window
5.Squire, Peverill(1992)。The Theory of Legislative Institutionalization and the California Assembly。The Journal of Politics，54(4)，1026-1054。  new window
6.Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde.(1987)。“Progressive Ambition among United States Senators: 1972-1988.”。Journal of Politics，49(1)，3-25。  new window
7.Berkman, Michael B.(1994)。“State Legislators in Congress: Strategic Politicians, Professional Legislatures, and the Party Nexus.”。American Journal of Political Science，38(4)，1025-1055。  new window
8.Berkman, Michael、Eisenstein, James(1999)。State Legislators as Congressional Candidates: The Effects of Prior Experience on Legislative Recruitment and Fundraising。Political Research Quarterly，52(3)，481-498。  new window
9.Brace, Paul.(1984)。“Progressive Ambition in the House: A Probabilistic Approach.”。Journal of Politics，46(2)，556-571。  new window
10.Dometrius, Nelson C., and Joshua Ozymy.(2006)。“Legislative Professionalism and Democratic Success: The Conditioning Effect of District Size.”。State Politics and Policy Quarterly，6(1)，73-87。  new window
11.Fiorina, Morris P..(1999)。“Further Evidence of the Partisan Consequences of Legislative Professionalism.”。American Journal of Political Science，43(3)，974-977。  new window
12.King, James D.(2000)。“Changes in Professionalism in U.S. State Legislatures.”。Legislative Studies Quarterly，25(2)，327-343。  new window
13.Maestas, Cherie.(2003)。“The Incentive to Listen: Progressive Ambition, Resources, and Opinion Monitoring among State Legislators.”。Journal of Politics，65(2)，439-465。  new window
14.Mooney, Christopher Z.(1994)。“Measuring U.S. State Legislative Professionalism: An Evaluation of Five Indices.”。State and Local Government Review，26(1)，70-78。  new window
15.Rohde, David W.(1979)。Risk-Bearing and Progressive Ambition: The Case of Members of the United States House of Representatives。American Journal of Political Science，23(1)，1-26。  new window
16.Rosenthal, Alan(1996)。State Legislative Development: Observations from Three Perspectives。Legislative Studies Quarterly，21(2)，169-198。  new window
17.Squire, Peverill.(1988)。“Career Opportunities and the Internal Organization of Legislatures。Legislative Studies Quarterly，13(1)，65-82。  new window
18.Squire, Peverill. .(1992)。“Legislative Professionalism and Membership Diversity in State Legislature。Legislative Studies Quarterly，17(1)，69-79。  new window
19.Squire, Peverill. .(2007)。“Measuring State Legislative Professionalism: The Squire Index Revisited.”。State Politics and Policy Quarterly，7(2)，211-227。  new window
圖書
1.Amemiya, Takeshi(1985)。Advanced Econometrics。Harvard University Press。  new window
2.Canon, David T.(1990)。Actors, Athletes, and Astronauts: Political Amateurs in the United Sates Congress。Chicago。  new window
3.Carey, John M., Richard G. Niemi, and Lynda W. Powell.(2000)。Term Limits in the State Legislature。Ann Arbor, MI。  new window
4.Fowler, Linda L., and Robert D. McClure.(1989)。Political Ambition: Who Decides to Run for Congress。New Haven。  new window
5.Hamm, Keith E., and Gary F. Moncrief.(1998)。“State Legislators and the Legislatures.”。Politics in the American States (6th ed.)。Glenview, IL。  new window
6.Jacobson, Gary C., and Samuel Kernell.(1983)。Strategy and Choice in Congressional Election (2nd ed。New Haven。  new window
7.Maisel, L. Sandy.(1992)。“Quality Candidates in House and Senate Election, from 1982 to 1990.”。The Atomistic Congress。  new window
8.Rosenthal, Alan.(1989)。“The Legislative Institution: Transformed and at Risk.”。The State of the States。Washington, D.C.。  new window
9.Rosenthal, Alan..(1998)。The Decline of Representative Democracy: Process, Participation, and Power in State Legislatures。Washington, D.C.。  new window
10.Rosenthal, Alan..(2001)。The Third House: Lobbyists and Lobbying in the States。Washington, D.C.：CQ Press.。  new window
11.Schlesinger, Joseph A.(1966)。Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States。Chicago。  new window
12.Squire, Perverill, and Keith E. Hamm.(2005)。101 Chambers: Congress, State Legislatures and the Future of Legislative Studies。Columbus, OH。  new window
 
 
 
 
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