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題名：私有地主參與農地碳匯合約之決策分析
書刊名：農業與經濟
作者：柳婉郁 引用關係／林國慶
作者(外文)：Liu, Wan-yu／Lin, Kuo-ching
出版日期：2011
卷期：46
頁次：頁1-47
主題關鍵詞：碳匯；耕地管理；農地碳匯合約；Carbon sequestration；Cropland management；Agricultural land carbon contract
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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近來世界各國開始重視以耕地管理之措施來增加碳匯量，以減緩溫室氣體暖化問題，包括在農地上進行混農林種植、耕地經營管理、土壤保育以及暫時休耕等。透過這些耕地管理措施將可增加土壤中之碳匯量，計入土地使用、土地使用變化和林業活動（land use, land-use change and forestry, LULUCF）碳匯項目中，亦包含在京都議定書之減量範圍內。其中之一為耕地管理，但大多文獻並未針對此部分進行討論與分析，我國目前尚未對農地碳匯管理進行碳給付，然而我國休耕面積已超越稻作面積，增進碳匯方式可視為是未來休耕農地之利用方式之一。本研究主要分析農民參與農地碳匯合約之最適合約期間，以及對於折現率、碳價格以及合約規定之耕作集約度上限進行比較靜態分析。根據本研究之理論推導，若農民可自行決定碳匯合約期間，則雖然降低耕作集約度會減少農業收入，但土壤碳量增加將增加未來的農業收入，而在碳存量逐漸趨近飽和下，增量將隨之遞減，因此私有地主不會選擇無限期參與農地碳匯合約。當折現率增加、碳價格增加或耕作集約度增加，都會使私有地主選擇較長之合約期間。當政府規定之耕作集約度上限增加或碳價格增加，農民總收入現值將會增加。當折現率增加，農民之總收入現值將會減少。本研究結果符合Culati and Vercammen（2005）結果，即政府增加農地碳匯合約之耕作集約度上限，農民更有誘因參與碳匯合約，因此合約期間會增加，然此僅是在特定參數設定下的模擬結果，根據本研究所建立之一般模型推導結果，當政府增加耕作集約度上限，即越接近無合約下之耕作集約度（亦即政府對於合約規定較為寬鬆），則農地地主之農業收入現值會增加，但由於土壤累積碳匯較少，碳匯收入現值會減少，故農地地主不一定會延長合約期間。
Many countries in the world have actively adopted various kinds of approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as agroforestry projects, cropland management, soil carbon management, fallow management, etc. In order to reduce the negative impacts due to the climate change resulting from increasing greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol allows developed countries to claim credits for carbon sequestered as a result of LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry) activities. Most literatures didn't address the discussion of these parts in Taiwan. However to enhance carbon sinks can be seen as one of the agricultural land use patterns because the total area of fallow lands exceed that of paddy fields in Taiwan. This study analyzes the optimal length of soil carbon contracts which non-industrial private farmers participate in, and conducts the comparative static analysis on discount rate, carbon price, and the upper bound of cultivation intensity in soil carbon contracts. According to the theoretical model derived from this study, if a farmer can determine the length of his carbon contract, then the decrease of cultivation intensity will reduce his present income, and the increase of the level of soil carbon sequestration will increase his future income. As the total amount of soil carbon sequestration increases, the marginal amount of soil carbon sequestration will decrease, so the rational farmer will not choose the unlimited carbon contract length. In addition, the factors affecting the length of the carbon contract which is determined by farmers include discount rate, carbon price and cultivation intensity. As the values of these factors increase, the length of the carbon contract determined by farmers will also increase. On the other side, as the cultivation intensity and carbon price increases, farmers' income will increase; however as the discount rate gets lower, the farmers' income will decrease. The result of this study is consistent with that of Culati and Vercammen (2005); it is that if the government raises the upper bound of cultivation intensity on soil carbon contract, then it will increase farmers' participation incentives in the soil carbon contract and the length of the carbon contract will increase.
期刊論文
1.林國慶、柳婉郁(20070600)。全民造林政策之執行成果與政策分析。農業與經濟，38，31-65。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.林國慶、柳婉郁(2007)。平地景觀造林政策之執行成果與實證分析。經社法制論叢，40，175-211。  延伸查詢new window
3.林俊成、李國忠(20050800)。都市森林對二氧化碳減量的貢獻。臺灣林業，31(4)，10-14。  延伸查詢new window
4.林俊成、李國忠(20050600)。京都議定書生效後之森林資源碳吸存策略。臺灣林業，31(3)，12-19。  延伸查詢new window
5.林俊成、李國忠、林裕仁(20000300)。森林收穫與林產品使用之二氧化碳流動與貯存效果初步分析。中華林學季刊，33(1)，53-64。  延伸查詢new window
6.Alig, R.、Adams, D.、McCarl, B. A.、Callaway, J. M.、Winnett, S. M.(1997)。Assessing Effects of Mitigation Strategies for Global Climate Change with an Intertemporal Model of the US Forest and Agricultural Sectors。Environmental and Resource Economics，9，255-274。  new window
7.Cacho, Oscar J.、Hean, Robyn L.、Wise, Russell M.(2003)。Carbon-accounting Methods and Reforestation Incentives。Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics，47(2)，153-179。  new window
8.McCarl, B. A.、Schneider, U. A.(2001)。The Cost of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in U.S. Agriculture and Forestry。Science，294(21)，2481-2482。  new window
9.林國慶、柳婉郁(20071200)。考慮碳吸存價格下最適輪伐期與土地期望價之實證分析。農業經濟叢刊，13(1)，1-35。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.李國忠、林俊成(2000)。森林資源二氧化碳吸存與碳排放權交易。全球變遷通訊雜誌，26，14-19。  延伸查詢new window
11.李國忠、林俊成(2000)。森林資源碳吸存效果與京都協定書。全球變遷通訊雜誌，23，1-9。  延伸查詢new window
12.林俊成、王培蓉(2006)。世界碳交易現況對台灣森林經營之影響。林業研究專訊，13(1)，14-17。  延伸查詢new window
13.柳明中、劉育慈、李國忠、林俊成(2001)。造林復林對臺灣環境二氧化碳減量之貢獻。全球變遷通訊雜誌，31，11-28。  延伸查詢new window
14.柯光瑞、賴朝明(2006)。臺灣北部現行耕作制度對農田土壤溫室氣體釋出之影響。臺灣農業化學與食品科學，44，63-73。  延伸查詢new window
15.Murray, B. C.(2004)。Overview of Agricultural and Forestry GHG Offsets on the US Landscape。Choices，Fall，13-18。  new window
16.Antle, J.、Capalbo, S.、Mooney, S.、Elliot, E.、Paustian, K.(2001)。Economi Analysis of Agricultural Soil Carbon Sequestration: An Integrated Assessment Approach。Journal of agricultural and Resource Economics，26(2)，344-367。  new window
17.Antle, J. M.、Capalbo, S. M.、Elliott,H. T.、Paustian, K. H.(2002)。Sensitivity of Carbon Sequestration Costs to Soil Carbon Rates。Environmental Pollution，116，413-422。  new window
18.Bangsund, D. A.、Leistritz, F. L.(2008)。Review of Literature on Economics and Policy of Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils。Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal，19(1)，85-99。  new window
19.Bruce, J. P.、Frome,M.、Haites, E.、Janzen, H.、Lal, R.、Paustian, K. H.(1999)。Carbon Sequestration in Soils。Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，54，382-389。  new window
20.Comis, D.、Becker, H.、Stelljes, K. B.(2001)。Depositing Carbon in the Bank: The Soil Bank。That Is, Agricultural Research，46(2)，4-7。  new window
21.Culati, S.、Vercammen, J.(2005)。The Optimal Length for an Agricultural Carbon Contract。Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics，53(4)，359-374。  new window
22.Lal, R.、Follett, R. F.、Kimble, J.、Cole, C. V.(1999)。Managing US Cropland to Sequester Carbon in Soil。Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，54，374-381。  new window
23.Marland, G.、McCarl, B. A.、Schneider, U. A.(2001)。Soil Carbon: Policy and Economics。Climatic Change，51，101-117。  new window
24.McCarl, B. A.、Schneider, U. A.(2000)。US Agriculture's Role in a Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation World: An Economic Perspective。Review of Agricultural Economics，22(1)，134-159。  new window
25.Pautsch, G. R.、Kurkalova, L. A.、Babcock, B. A.、Kling, C. L.(2001)。The Efficiency of Sequestering Carbon in Agriculture Soils。Contemporary Economic Policy，19(2)，123-134。  new window
26.Plantinga, A. J.、Mauldin, T.、Miller, D. J,(1999)。An Econometric Analysis of the Costs of Sequestering Carbon in Forests。American Journal of Agricultural Economics，81(4)，812-824。  new window
27.Plantinga, A. J.、Wu, J.(2003)。Co-Benefits from Carbon Sequestration I Forests: Evaluating Reductions in Agricultural Externalities from an Afforestation Policy in Wisconsin。Land Economics，79(1)，74-85。  new window
28.Rabe, B. G.(2007)。Beyond Kyoto: Climate Change Policy in Multilevel Governance Systems。Governance，20(3)，423-444。  new window
29.Rosenberg, N. J.、Izaurralde, R. C.(2000)。Storing Carbon in Agricultural Soils to Help Mitigate Global Warming。CAST Issue Paper，14。  new window
30.Ruddell, S.、Sampson, R.、Smith, M.、Giffen, R.、Cathcart, J.、Hagan, J.、Sosland, D.、Godbee, J.、Heissenbuttel, J.、Lovett, S.、Helms, J.、Price, W.、Simpson, R.(2007)。The Role for Sustainably Managed Forests in Climate Change Mitigation。Journal of Forestry，105(6)，314-319。  new window
31.Sperow, M.、Eve, M.、Paustain, K. H.(2003)。Potential Soil C Sequestration on US Agricultural Soils。Climate Change，57，319-339。  new window
32.Stavins, R. N.(1999)。The Costs of Carbon Sequestration: A Revealed- Preference Approach。American Economic Review，89(4)，994-1009。  new window
33.Yang, S. S.、Lai, C. M.、Chang, H. L.、Chang, E. H.、Wei, C. B.(2009)。Estimation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Paddy Fields in Taiwan。Renewable Energy，34(8)，1916-1922。  new window
34.Lewandrowski, J.、Peters, M.、Jones, C.、House, R.、Sperow, M.、Eve, M.、fustian, K. H.(2004)。Economics of Sequestering Carbon in the U.S. Agricultural Sector: ERS Technical Bulletin。USDA-ERS Technical Bulletin，1909。  new window
35.Wilman, E. A.、Mahendrarajah, M. S.(2002)。Carbon Offset。Land Economics，78(3)，405-416。  new window
36.Parks, P. J.、Hardie, I. W.(1995)。Least-Cost Forest Carbon Reserves: Cost- Effective Subsidies to Convert Marginal Agricultural Land to Forests。Land Economics，71(1)，122-136。  new window
37.Woerdman, E.(2001)。Emissions Trading and Transaction Costs: Analyzing the Flaws in the Discussion。Ecological Economics，38，293-304。  new window
38.Antle, J.、Capalbo, S.、Mooney, S.、Elliot, E.、Paustian, K.(2003)。Spatial Heterogeneity, Contract Design, and the Efficiency of Carbon Sequestration Policies for Agriculture。Journal of Environmental Economics and management，46(2)，231-250。  new window
39.Thomassin, P. J.(2003)。Canadian Agriculture and the Development of a Carbon Trading and Offset System。American Journal of Agricultural Economics，85(5)，1171-1177。  new window
會議論文
1.曹正(2006)。探量統計系統之研擬--以臺北市為例。臺北。3-1-3-8。  延伸查詢new window
2.賴明朝、柯光瑞、鐘孟妤、王明光(2009)。臺灣林業溫室氣體支源與匯、生質能源、土壤功能多樣性與永續發展。福建。28-32。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.林國慶(2008)。因應國際溫室氣體減量臺灣森林資源經營管理政策之調整 (計畫編號：97 農科-7.2.1-務-e1(2))。臺北：國立臺灣大學農業經濟研究所。  延伸查詢new window
2.Lee, H. C.、McCarl, B. A.、Schneider, U. A.、Chen, C. C.(2003)。Leakage and Comparative Advantage Implications of Agricultural Participation in Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation。  new window
3.Lecocq, F.、Chomitz, K.(2001)。Optimal Use of Carbon Sequestration in a Global Climate Strategy: Is There a Wooden Bridge to a Clean Energy Future。  new window
圖書
1.行政院農委會(2007)。農業統計年報。臺北：行政院農委會。  延伸查詢new window
2.Lal, R.、Kimble, J. M.、Follett, R. F.、Cole, C. V.(1998)。The Potential of U.S. Cropland to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect。  new window
3.賴朝明、柯光瑞(2005)。林業之生質能源、碳匯池與永續發展。生質能源應用與展望。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
4.Eve, M. D.、Paustian, K.、Follett, R.、Elliott, E. T.(2001)。A National Inventory of Changes in Soil Carbon from National Resources Inventory Data。Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon。United Kingdom。  new window
5.IPCC(2000)。Summary for Policymakers。Land Use Change and Forestry。Geneva, Switzerland。  new window
其他
1.UNFCCC(2007)，http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php。  new window
2.IPCC(2007)，http://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/pages_media/AR4-chapters.htmI。  new window
 
 
 
 
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