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題名：摘要結果獲知的時間與順序安排：檢驗時近效應
書刊名：大專體育學刊
作者：吳詩薇／張至滿／卓俊伶 引用關係
作者(外文)：Wu, Elyse Shih-wei／Chang, Jim Chih-man／Jwo, Hank Jun-ling
出版日期：2012
卷期：14:2
頁次：頁152-160
主題關鍵詞：回饋；序列位置效應；動作學習；動作表現；Feedback；Serial position effect；Motor learning；Motor performance
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:4
  • 點閱點閱:45
摘要結果獲知（summary knowledge of results, SKR）是指完成預定練習次數後，才逐一告知先前數次試作結果之回饋。過去研究並未探究SKR內容中涉及動作記憶的時間與順序問題。本研究旨在探討SKR內容中與記憶有關的時間對動作表現與學習的影響。實驗一與實驗二各有36名大學生，實驗工作為準確性拋擲動作；兩個實驗皆於獲得期進行72次及保留測驗12次的試作，且獲得期的準確分數與實驗二的變異誤差（VE）值皆以3（組別）× 12（區間）混合設計二因子變異數分析，其中區間為重複量數；以單因子變異數考驗保留測驗的準確分數與改變分數。實驗一針對時間的遠近效應，檢驗個體對最後出現的動作記憶；參加者隨機分派至時近組、時遠組或無KR組；結果發現時近組準確分數在保留測驗顯著高於時遠組；而且時近組的改變分數在獲得期顯著高於時遠組。實驗二探討SKR內容的順序；參加者隨機分派至SKR正序組、反序組或KR100%組；結果發現SKR反序組的準確分數在保留測驗顯著高於SKR正序組與KR100%組；KR100% 組的VE值在獲得期顯著低於SKR反序組；而且SKR反序組的改變分數在獲得期顯著高於SKR正序組。本研究的結論是：一、提供動作記憶時間最近一次的結果，利於動作準確性的學習；二、動作表現結果提供的順序由最近至最遠的反序，雖然不利於穩定性，卻利於動作準確性的學習。因此，時近效應是SKR內容中，有利於動作學習的重要因素。
Summary knowledge of results (SKR) refers to feedback provision about a series of trials after completion of the last trial. Previous studies did not explore the motor memory issues related to time series and orders in SKR. This study examined the recency effects related to the memory in SKR. Thirty six university students served as participants in experiment I and II. For both experiments, throwing for accuracy was required. The acquisition accuracy scores and variable error (VE) were analyzed by 3 (Groups) × 12 (Blocks) mixed design ANOVA with repeated measures. Accuracy scores and change score in retention test were analyzed by one-way ANOVA separately for both experiments. Experiment I examined the motor memory on time series in SKR. Participants were randomly assigned into one of the recency, primacy, and no-KR groups. Results revealed that recency group had significantly higher accuracy score than that of primacy group in retention test. Furthermore, recency group had significantly higher change score than primacy group in acquisition phase. Experiment II examined the orders in SKR. Participants were randomly assigned into one of the SKR in reverse order, SKR in obverse order and KR 100% groups. The results showed that SKR in reverse order group had significantly higher accuracy scores than those of SKR in obverse order and KR 100% groups in retention test. KR 100% group had lower VE than SKR in reverse order group in acquisition phase. Furthermore, SKR in reverse order group had significantly higher change score than SKR in obverse order group in acquisition phase. Findings from this study suggested that 1. The provision of motor memory may facilitate the movement accuracy, and 2. The near to distant reverse orders on movement outcome was found benefit for accuracy, rather than for stability. Thus, recency effect in SKR is a critical factor in motor learning.
期刊論文
1.Schmidt, R. A.、Bjork, R. A.(1997)。New conceptualizations of practice: common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training。Psychological Science，3，207-217。  new window
2.Wulf, G.、McNevin, N.、Shea, C. H.、Wright, D. L.(1999)。Learning phenomena: Future challenges for the dynamical systems approach to understanding the learning of complex motor skills。International Journal of Sport Psychology，30，531-557。  new window
3.Lavery, J. J.(1962)。Retention of simple motor skills as a function of type of knowledge of results。Canadian Journal of Psychology，16(4)，300-311。  new window
4.Murdock, B. B. Jr.(1962)。The serial position effect of free recall。Journal of Experimental Psychology，64(5)，482-488。  new window
5.Chiviacowsky, S.、Wulf, G.(2007)。Feedback after good trials enhances learning。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，78(2)，40-47。  new window
6.Schmidt, R. A.(1975)。A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning。Psychological Review，82(4)，225-260。  new window
7.Adams, Jack A.(1971)。A closed-loop theory of motor learning。Journal of Motor Behavior，3(2)，111-150。  new window
8.李宜蓓、張葶葶、洪蘭、曾志朗、李俊仁(2006)。語文記憶中項目與項目位置訊息的單一運作系統。中華心理學刊，48(4)，315-327。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.Cauraugh, J. H.、Chen, D.、Singer, R. N.(1993)。Graphic versus numeric knowledge of results: Which mode?。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，64(2)，213-216。  new window
10.Sidaway, B.、Moore, B.、Schoenfelder-Zohdi, B.(1991)。Summary and frequency of KR presentation effects on retention of motor skill。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，62(1)，27-32。  new window
11.Carnahan, H.、Vandervoort, A. A.、Swanson, L. R.、Swanson, L. R.(1996)。The influence of summary knowledge of results and aging on motor learning。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，67(3)，280-287。  new window
12.Chiviacowsky, S.、Wul, G.、Wally, R.、Borges, T.(2009)。Knowledge of results after good trials enhances learning in older adults。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，80(3)，663-668。  new window
13.Lavery, J. J.、Suddon, F. H.(1962)。Retention of simple motor skills as a function of the number of trials by which KR is delayed。Perceptual Motor Skills，15(1)，231-237。  new window
14.Wright, D. L.、Snowden. S.、Willoughby, D.(1990)。Summary KR: How much information is used from the summary?。Journal of Human Movement Studies，29(3)，119-128。  new window
15.Van Overschelde, J. P.(2002)。The influence of word frequency on recency effects in directed free recall。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition，28(4)，611-615。  new window
16.Samoni, A. W.、Schmidt, R. A.、Walter, C. B.(1984)。Knowledge of result and motor learning: A review and critical reappraisal。Psychological Bulletin，95(3)，355-386。  new window
17.Avons, S. E.、Mason, A.(1999)。Effects of visual similarity on serial report and item recognition。The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology，52A(1)，217-240。  new window
18.Schmidt, Richard A.、Lange, Claudia、Young, Douglas E.(1990)。Optimizing summary knowledge of results for skill learning。Human Movement Science，9(3)，325-348。  new window
19.Hitch, G. J.(1974)。Short-term memory for spatial and temporal information。Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology，26(3)，503-513。  new window
20.Schmidt, R. A.、Young, D. E.、Swinnen, S.、Shapiro, D. C.(1989)。Summary knowledge of results for skill acquisition: Support for the guidance hypothesis。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition，15(2)，352-359。  new window
圖書
1.Gleitman, H.(1996)。Psychology。New York：Norton。  new window
2.張春興(1998)。張氏心理學辭典。臺北：臺灣東華書局。  延伸查詢new window
3.Schmidt, Richard A.、Lee, Timothy D.(2005)。Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis。Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics。  new window
4.Cohen, J.(1988)。Statistical power and analysis for the behavioral sciences。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
5.Baddeley, Alan D.(1986)。Working Memory。Oxford University Press。  new window
6.Schmidt, R. A.、Wrisberg, C. A.(2008)。Motor learning and performance: A situation-based learning approach。Human Kinetics。  new window
圖書論文
1.Atkinson, R. C.、Shiffrin, R. M.(1968)。Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes。Advances in the psychology of learning and motivation research and theory。New York, NY：Academic Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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