In classical China, the "Spring and Autumn" and "Warring States" periods predate China's unification with the Qin dynasty. This was a time of intellectual ferment in which philosophers of different states considered the crisis of their time and sought ideas to avert the collapse of the world as they knew it. Defining the nature of "birds and beasts" (qinshou 禽獸), and the manner they were distinguished from human beings, constituted one important theme of their thought.This article examines the ideas that these philosophers had regarding qinshou, as well as how this conceived category of beings was differentiated from, and therefore helped to define, humans. Such debates were inextricable linked to philosophical efforts to identify the nature of humanity. Some thinkers stressed innate human goodness, others the need for conscious cultivation to avoid a degeneration into a lower animal state. They agreed that concern for identifying and realizing humanity was universal, but again disagreed on the precise relationship between man and beast. One view suggested that humans were naturally superior to birds and beasts, as well as that barbarians were beast-like in their nature. Animals were thus merely creatures whose value lay in their usefulness to humanity - a circumstance that defined human's ethics in regard to them. An opposing view maintained that animals and humans are similar beings. Consequently, it was important to maintain a harmony of man and beast in accordance with the universal rules of nature.Based on findings of this study, the author suggests that further research comparing East-West concepts of animals, past and present, would be of scholarly value. Such examination will help us reconstruct the fundamental philosophical and historical relationship between humans, animals, and nature.