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題名：跨海旅行與敘述發現：康姆《北美之旅》中的新英格蘭
書刊名：英美文學評論
作者：盧莉茹 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lu, Li-ru
出版日期：2012
卷期：21
頁次：頁253-279
主題關鍵詞：康姆；北美之旅；自然史；旅行敘述；Peter Kalm；Travels into North America；Natural history；Travel narrative
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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康姆（Peter Kalm）是一位十八世紀來自瑞典的自然科學家、植物學家、旅行與自然作家。1747年，他從瑞典的家鄉出發到北美旅行，意圖去探究、觀察、並記載北美的地理風貌、環境氣候、地形特徵、以及本土動植物等物種。康姆的代表作《北美之旅》（Travels into North America）是以旅行日記形式所書寫的自然史作品。此文主要剖析康姆的《北美之旅》如何為新英格蘭這片廣大無邊的「未知領土」書寫自然史，如何以科學方法來敘述發現，如何為早期美國的地理風貌及無數本土物種做第一手觀察與描述。然而，《北美之旅》在客觀的科學聲音之背後卻又如何交織夾雜著另一股主觀聲音──一股較強調欣賞自然與生態關懷的主觀聲音，進而顯露出康姆的旅行日記與美國十七、十八世紀清教徒作家筆下征服荒野的主流價值觀之文化差異。藉此探討，此文欲指出康姆的《北美之旅》實乃蘊釀後代環境保護與生態關懷意識的重要文本。
Peter Kalm’s Travels into North America, both a travel diary and a work of natural history, is one of the most significant writings that delineate and record eighteenth-century New England. Focusing on Kalm’s Travels into North America, this article examines the following questions: In his travel journal, how does Kalm describe the North American colonies in the eighteenth century and report his scientific observations on the natural environment? How does Travels into North America document North American landscapes, plants and animals and offer Kalm’s fresh views of a strange new world? How does Travels into North America record the environmental changes in eighteenth-century New England? By exploring the these questions, this study argues that through his natural historical discourse Kalm does not merely objectively narrate his scientific discovery of North America’s natural world but also subjectivelydetails his responses to New England’s wilderness and its nonhuman inhabitants. In this way, Travels into North America displays Kalm’s ecological awareness and hints at an incipient environmentalism.
期刊論文
1.Bergon, Frank(1997)。Wilderness Aesthetics。American Literary History，9(1)，128-161。  new window
圖書
1.Smallwood, William Martin、Smallwood, Mabel Sarah Coon(1941)。Natural History and the American Mind。New York：Columbia U P。  new window
2.Baym, Nina(2012)。Norton Anthology of American Literature。New York：Norton。  new window
3.Beebe, William(1988)。The Book of Naturalists: An Anthology of the Best Natural History。Princeton：Princeton UP。  new window
4.Bendixen, Alfred、Hamera, Judith(2009)。Cambridge Companion to American Travel Writing。New York：Cambridge UP。  new window
5.Benson, Adolph B.(1987)。Peter Kalm's Travels in North America : the English Version of 1770。New York：Dover Publications。  new window
6.Branch, Michael P.、Slovic, Scott(1993)。The ISLE Reader: Ecocriticism, 1993-2003。Athens：U of Georgia P。  new window
7.Clark, Steve(1999)。Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit。London：Zed。  new window
8.Cox, John D.(2005)。Traveling South: Travel Narratives and the Construction of American Identity。Athens：U of Georgia P。  new window
9.Forsdick, Charles(2010)。Travel Writing and Ethics: Theory and Practice。New York：Routledge。  new window
10.Franklin, Wayne(1989)。Discoverers, Explorers, Settlers: The Diligent Writers of Early America。Chicago：U of Chicago P。  new window
11.Hooper, Glenn、Youngs, Tim(2004)。Perspectives on Travel Writing。Ashgate。  new window
12.Hulme, Peter、Youngs, Tim(2002)。The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing。Cambridge UP。  new window
13.Kuehn, Julia,、Smethurst, Paul(2009)。Travel Writing, Form, and Empire: The Poetics and Politics of Mobility。New York：Routledge。  new window
14.Mayes, Frances(2002)。The Best American Travel Writing 2002。Boston：Houghton。  new window
15.Sachidananda, Mohanty(2003)。Travel Writing and the Empire。New Delhi：Katha。  new window
16.Schramer、Ross, Donald(1997)。Travel Writers, 1776-1864。James Detroit：Gale Research。  new window
17.Thompson, Carl(2011)。Travel Writing。Routledge。  new window
18.Torrey, Bradford、Allen, Francis H.((1967)。The Journal of Henry David Thoreau: in Fourteen Volumes Bound as Two。New York：Dover。  new window
19.Lisle, Debbie(2006)。The Global Politics of Contemporary Travel Writing。New York：Cambridge：Cambridge UP。  new window
20.Slovic, Scott(1992)。Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing。Salt Lake City：U of Utah P。  new window
21.Regis, Pamela(1992)。Bartram, Jefferson, Crevecoeur, and the Influence of Natural History。Philadelphia：U of Pennsylvania P。  new window
22.Elder, John(1996)。American Nature Writers。New York：Charles Scribner's Sons。  new window
23.Muir, John(1988)。The Yosemite。San Francisco：Sierra Club。  new window
24.Oelschlaeger, Max(1991)。The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology。Yale University Press。  new window
25.Merchant, Carolyn(2004)。Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture。New York：Routledge。  new window
26.Pepper, David(1996)。Modern environmentalism: An introduction。Routledge。  new window
27.Muir, John(1901)。Our National Parks。Boston：New York：Houghton Mifflin Company。  new window
28.Nash, Roderick Frazier(1990)。American Environmentalism: Reading in Conservation History。New York：McGraw-Hill。  new window
29.Runte, Alfred(1997)。National Parks: The American Experience。Lincoln。  new window
30.Nash, Roderick(1982)。Wilderness and the American Mind。Yale UP。  new window
31.Garrard, Greg(2004)。Ecocriticism。Routledge。  new window
32.Huggan, Graham、Tiffin, Helen(2010)。Postcolonial Ecocriticism: Literature, Animals, Environment。Routledge。  new window
33.Keegan, Bridget、McKusick, James C.(2001)。Literature and Nature: Four Centuries of Nature Writing。Upper Saddle River, NJ：Prentice Hall。  new window
34.Patterson, Daniel、Thompson, Roger、Bryson, Scott(2008)。Early American Nature Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia。Westport, Connecticut：Greenwood。  new window
35.Murphy, Patrick D.(2000)。Farther Afield in the Study of Nature-Oriented Literature。Charlottesville：Virginia University Press。  new window
36.Pinchot, Gifford(1998)。Breaking New Ground。Covelo：Island。  new window
37.Lauter, Paul(2006)。The Heath Anthology of American Literature。Boston：Houghton Mifflin。  new window
38.Sax, Joseph L.(2001)。Mountains Without Handrails。Ann Arbor：U of Michigan P。  new window
39.Tolan, Sally(1990)。John Muir: Naturalist, Writer, and Guardian of the North American Wilderness。Harrisburg, PA：Morehouse。  new window
40.Welch, Margaret(1998)。The Book of Nature: Natural History in the United States, 1825-1875。Boston：Northeastern UP。  new window
41.Branch, Michael P.(2004)。Reading the Roots: American Nature Writing before Walden。Athens：U of Georgia P。  new window
42.Murphy, Patrick D.(1998)。Literature of Nature: An International Sourcebook。Chicago。  new window
其他
1.Kalm, Peter(1772)。Travels in North America; Containing its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of its Plantations and Agricultural in General，London：T. Lowndes。  new window
 
 
 
 
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