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題名：亞理斯多德與自由意志問題
書刊名：東海哲學研究集刊
作者：王志輝 引用關係
作者(外文)：Wang, Zhi-hue
出版日期：2012
卷期：17
頁次：頁35-82
主題關鍵詞：自由意志；不動之運動者；道德品性；相容論；靈魂；Free will；Unmoved mover；Moral character；Compatibilism；Soul
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:48
本文試圖從近代有關自由意志之爭論的角度，來探討亞理斯多德「不動之運動者」的構想。首先，本文將說明，在何種意義上靈魂可被視為生物自我運動的不動之運動者。再者，在S. S. Meyer對亞理斯多德行為理論的分析基礎上，本文將證明，行為者之「道德品性」（德性或惡習）亦可扮演行為之「不動之運動者」的角色，因而可被呈現為亞理斯多德的自由意志概念。然而，本文將指出，Meyer的說法並無法正確地掌握道德品性作為不動之運動者之真實意義，因為在她的觀點下，道德品性只能作為行為的「被動形式」或「被動潛能」而已。換言之，Meyer完全忽略了道德品性在行為中扮演之主動性的角色。有鑑於Meyer說法之困難，本文將討論亞理斯多德在《形上學》第九書中對於「主動潛能」與「被動潛能」之區別，以便更深入、全面地解釋道德品性作為不動之運動者的意涵。換言之，本文將解釋，道德品性在何種意義上可作為我們行為的「主動形式」或「主動潛能」。然而，道德品性也不應只被視為行為的「主動潛能」而已，它更應被視為行為者之「本性」；因為，它其實與靈魂在生物自我運動中，以及技術在生產活動中，扮演著類似的角色。本文將指出，這是因為道德品性並非作用在他物之上，而是作用在行為者自身上的緣故。
This article attempts to explicate Aristotle's conception of the ”unmoved mover” from the perspective of the modern debate about free will. In the first place, I will illustrate in what sense the soul can be seen as the unmoved mover for the self-motion of living things. Secondly, on the basis of S. S. Meyer's analysis of Aristotle's theory of action, I try to prove that the ”moral character” of the agent (his virtue or vice) can play the role of ”unmoved mover” of action as well, and may therefore be represented as an Aristotelian concept of free will. However, I will also indicate that Meyer's consideration of moral character has not correctly captured its real meaning as the unmoved mover; on her view, moral character is merely a ”passive form” or ”passive potentiality” of our actions. That is, she utterly ignores the active role played by the moral character for our actions. In the face of the difficulty Meyer's consideration arouses, this article will discuss Aristotle's distinction between ”active” and ”passive potentiality” in Met. IX, in order to give a more comprehensive account of moral character as the unmoved mover. That is, I will illustrate in what sense moral character could be seen as the ”active form” or ”active potentiality” for our actions. However, moral character should not only be considered as the ”active potentiality” of action, it is rather to be seen as the ”nature” of the agent; it plays the role similar to that which the soul plays in the self-motion of living things, or which the skill plays in the technical production. I will make this point clear by showing that moral character is not exercised on other things, but on the agent itself.
期刊論文
1.Wittmann, M.(1921)。Aristoteles und die Willensfreiheit。Philosophisches Jahrbuch，34，5-30+131-153。  new window
2.Annas, J.(1982)。Aristotle on Inefficient Cause。Philosophical Quarterly，32，311-326。  new window
3.Code, A.(1987)。Soul as Efficient Cause in Aristotle’s Embryology。Philosophical Topics，2，51-59。  new window
4.Fine, G.(1981)。Aristotle on Determinism: A Review of Sorabji’s Necessity, Cause and Blame。The Philosophical Review，90，561-579。  new window
5.Freeland, C.(1982)。Moral Virtues and Human Powers。Review of Metaphysics，36，3-22。  new window
6.Irwin, Terrence(1992)。Who Discovered the Will?。Philosophical Perspectives Ethics，6，453-473。  new window
7.Sauvé, S.(1987)。Unmoved Mover, Form, and Matter。Philosophical Topics，15，171-196。  new window
8.Shields, Christopher(1988)。Soul and Body in Aristotle。Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy，6，103-137。  new window
9.Sisko, J. E.(1996)。Material Alteration and Cognitive Activity in Aristotle’s De Anima。Phronesis，41，138-157。  new window
10.Taylor, C. C. W.(1969)。Forms as Causes in the Phaedo。Mind，78，45-59。  new window
圖書
1.Aristotle、Ross, W. D.(1964)。Analytica Posteriora。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Aristotle、Ross, W. D.(1956)。De Animas。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Aristotle、Guthrie, W. K. C.(1939)。De Caelo。Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。  new window
4.Aristotle、Walzer, R. R.、Mingay, J. M.(1991)。Ethica Eudemia。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
5.Aristotle、Peck, A. L.(1942)。De Generatione Animalium。Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。  new window
6.Aristotle、Forster, E. S.(1955)。De Generatione et Corruptione。Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。  new window
7.Aristotle、Nussbaum, M. C.(1978)。De Motu Animalium。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
8.Aristotle、Peck, A. L.(1937)。De Partibus Animalium。Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。  new window
9.Bechler, Z.(1995)。Aristotle’s Theory of Actuality。Albany：SUNY Press。  new window
10.Cicero, M. T.、Sharples, R. W.(1991)。De fato。Warminster：Aris & Phillips。  new window
11.Gill, M. L.(1989)。Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
12.Jedan, Ch.(2000)。Willensfreiheit bei Aristoteles?。Göttingen：V&R。  new window
13.Kane, R.(2005)。A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
14.Lennox, J. G.(2001)。Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology: Studies in the Origins of Life Science。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
15.Loening, Richard(1967)。Die Zurechnungslehre des Aristoteles。Hildesheim：Georg Olms。  new window
16.Meyer, S. S.(1993)。Aristotle on Moral Responsibility. Character and Cause。Oxford：Blackwell Publishing。  new window
17.Nussbaum, M. C.(1978)。Aristotle’s De Motu Animalium。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
18.Burnet, J.(1901)。Platonis Operaed。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
19.Ross, W. D.(1924)。Introduction to Aristotle’s Metaphysics。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
20.Ross, W. D.(1995)。Aristotle。London：New York：Routledge。  new window
21.Scaltsas, Th.(1994)。Substances and Universals in Aristotle’s Metaphysics。Ithaca：London：Cornell University Press。  new window
22.Wieland, W.(1992)。Die Aristotelische Physik。Göttingen：Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht。  new window
23.Sorabji, R.(1980)。Necessity, Cause and Blame: Perspectives on Aristotle’s Theory。Chicago：The University of Chicago Press。  new window
24.Aristotle、Minio-Paluello, L.(1949)。Categoriae。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
25.Aristotle、Ross, W. D.(1950)。Physica。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
26.Lear, Jonathan(1988)。Aristotle: The Desire to Understand。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
27.Aristotle、Bywater, Ingram(1894)。Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
28.Aristotle、Jaeger, Werner(1957)。Metaphysica。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
29.Pakaluk, Michael(2005)。Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics: An Introduction。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.Ackrill, J. L.(1997)。Aristotle’s Definitions of Psuchē。Essays on Plato and Aristotle。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
2.Burnyeat, M. F.(1995)。Is an Aristotelian Philosophy of Mind Still Credible?。Essays on Aristotle’s De Anima。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
3.Chisholm, R.(2003)。Human Freedom and the Self。Free Will。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
4.Freeland, C.(1994)。Aristotle on Perception, Appetition and Self-Motion。Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
5.Furley, D.(1980)。Self-Movers。Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics。Berkeley：University of California Press。  new window
6.Gill, M. L.(1994)。Aristotle on Self-Motion。Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
7.Kahn, C. H.(1988)。Discovery of the Will. From Aristotle to Augustine。The Question of Eclecticism。Berkeley：Berkeley of University California Press。  new window
8.Kosman, L. A.(1980)。Being Properly Affected: Virtue and Feelings in Aristotle’s Ethics。Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics。Berkeley：University of California Press。  new window
9.Meyer, S. S.(1994)。Self-Movement and External Causation。Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
10.Richardson, H. S.(1992)。Desire and the Good in De Anima。Essays on Aristotle’s De Anima。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
11.Shields, Ch.(1994)。Mind and Motion in Aristotle。Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
12.Sorabji, R.(1979)。Body and Soul in Aristotle。Articles on Aristotle 4: Psychology and Aesthetics。London：Duckworth。  new window
 
 
 
 
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