Direct and Indirect Conditionals: A Corpus-Based Study of Chinese Yaoshi and Yaobushi in Spoken and Written Discourse_

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題名：	Direct and Indirect Conditionals: A Corpus-Based Study of Chinese Yaoshi and Yaobushi in Spoken and Written Discourse
書刊名：	Taiwan Journal of Linguistics
作者：	許訓銘／王萸芳／胡凱閔
作者(外文)：	Hsu, Hsun-ming／Wang, Yu-fang／Hu, Kai-ming
出版日期：	2015
卷期：	13:2
頁次：	頁31-77
主題關鍵詞：	Conditional；Grammaticalization；Subjectivity；Intersubjectivity；條件句；語法化；主觀性；交互主觀性
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:5 點閱:29

本文以語法化（Grammaticalization）理論來對漢語條件句標記「要是」和「要不是」進行對比分析。漢語條件句標記「要是」和「要不是」看似反義，但使用上並不對稱。本文採用共時的語料考察，就兩者語意語用上的功能、語法化的過程、及主觀化和交互主觀化的程度進行探討。本文發現，兩者語法化現象的發展不同，兩者主觀性及交互主觀性也有所不同。而此差異不只造成兩者在條件句上的出現頻率的不同，兩者在篇章中的語用功能也不相同。

以文找文

This study explores Mandarin Chinese yaoshi and yaobushi constructions in both spoken and written discourse from the perspective of grammaticalization. Although the conditional markers yaoshi and yaobuhsi seem antonymous, there are some asymmetries between them in conditional constructions. Adopting a synchronic approach, this study discusses the semantic-pragmatic uses of yaoshi and yaobushi. In addition, we also show their semantic development from the propositional domain, to the textual domain, and from there to the expressive domain, viz. a semantic development whereby the meanings of the lexical items change from less to more situated in the speaker's mental belief and attitude. By investigating the development of yaoshi and yaobushi, we can describe more accurately their various usages in contemporary Chinese and explain the asymmetries between their uses in conditionals. It is concluded in this study that the differences in their grammaticalization, subjectification and intersubjectification included, influence not only their occurrences in conditionals but also their pragmatic functions in discourse.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Bloom, A. H.(1984)。Caution: the Words You Use May Affect What You Say: A Response to Au。Cognition，17，275-287。
2.	Chang, Y.-S.(2003)。On the connections between diachronic change and synchronic variations of "adverb + shi” in Chinese。Linguistic Science，2003(4)，34-49。
3.	Eifring, H.(1988)。The Chinese counterfactuals。Journal of Chinese Linguistics，16，193-217。
4.	Ma, B. J.(2002)。Grammaticalization of Yao。Linguistic Study，4，81-87。
5.	Xu, L.-J.(2005)。A further study on classification of if-conditionals。Journal of Sichuan International Studies，2，64-69。
6.	尤雪瑛(19980900)。Some Speculations on the Semantic Change of Chinese Modal Verb "Yao"。文山評論，1(2)，161-175。
7.	Au, Terry K.-F.(1984)。Counterfactuals: In reply to Alfred Bloom。Cognition，17(3)，289-302。
8.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1988)。Pragmatic strengthening and grammaticalization。BLS，14，406-416。
9.	蘇以文(20051000)。Conditional Reasoning as a Reflection of Mind。語言暨語言學，6(4)，655-680。
10.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1989)。On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Example of Subjectification in Semantic Change。Language，65(1)，31-55。

會議論文
1.	Hsiao, C. H.(2005)。Hypotheticality and politeness in discourse: A case study of ruguo, ruguo…de-hua, and de-hua constructions。The 6th National Conference on Linguistics，(會議日期: 2005/07/03-07/04)。Taiwan：National Chiao-Tung University。

學位論文
1.	Cao, L. M.(2007)。A Study of Chinese Counterfactual If-Conditionals from a Cognitive Perspective(碩士論文)。Chongqing University。
2.	Huang, C. H.(2012)。Grammaticalization of Yao in Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-based Approach(碩士論文)。National Tsing-Hua University，Taiwan。
3.	Thesis. Ji, M. L.(2009)。A Study on "Yao-X" Conjunctions in Mandarin Chinese(碩士論文)。Yanbian University，China。
4.	Lai, K. W.(2010)。The Pragmatic Function of Conditionals in Mandarin Chinese(碩士論文)。National Taiwan Normal University。
5.	Li, B.(1995)。Counterfactual Sentences in Chinese and the Interpretation of their Counterfactuality(碩士論文)。Michigan State Univ.。
6.	Xie, X.-D.(2010)。On the Lexicalization and Grammaticalization of YAOSHUO(碩士論文)。Zhejiang Normal University。
7.	Yang, Gloria F.-P.(2007)。A Cognitive Approach to Mandarin Conditionals(博士論文)。University of California，Berkeley。

圖書
1.	Dasher, Richard B.、Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(2002)。Regularity in Semantic Change。Cambridge University Press。
2.	Dong, X. F.(2004)。Chinese Lexicon and Morphology。Beijing：Beijing University Press。
3.	Levinson, S. C.(2000)。Presumptive Meaning: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature。Cambridge, Mass：MIT Press。
4.	Zhu, D.-X.(1998)。A Study on Syntax。Beijing：The Commercial Press。
5.	Sweetser, Eve(1990)。From Etymology to Pragmatics: The Mind-Body Metaphor in Semantic Structure and Semantic Change。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
6.	Wu, H.-F.(1994)。“If triangles were circles …” -A Study of Counterfactuals in Chinese and in English。Taipei：Crane Publishing。
7.	Bloom, Alfred H.(1981)。The Linguistic Shaping of Thought: A Study in the Impact of Language on Thinking in China and the West。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。
8.	Heine, Bernd、Claudi, Ulrike、Hünnemeyer, Friederike(1991)。Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework。University of Chicago Press。
9.	Levinson, Stephen C.(1983)。Pragmatics。Cambridge。
10.	Grice, H. P.(1989)。Studies in the way of words。Cambridge, Mass：Harvard University Press。
11.	Li, Charles Na、Thompson, Sandra Annear(1981)。Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar。University of California Press。
12.	Bybee, Joan L.、Perkins, Revere Dale、Pagliuca, William(1994)。The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World。University of Chicago Press。
13.	Hopper, Paul、Traugott, Elizazbeth Closs(1993)。Grammaticalization。Cambridge University Press。
14.	Quirk, Randolph、Greenbaum, Sidney、Leech, Geoffrey、Svartvik, Jan(1985)。A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language。Longman。
15.	Brinton, Laurel J.、Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(2005)。Lexicalization and Language Change。Cambridge University Press。

圖書論文
1.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1985)。Conditional markers。Iconicity in Syntax。John Benjamins。
2.	Chao, Y. R.(1959)。How Chinese logic operates。Aspect of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by Yuen Ren Chao。Stanford：Stanford University Press。
3.	Ferguson, C. A.、Reilly, J. S.、Meulen, A. Ter、Traugott, E. C.(1986)。Overview。On Conditionals。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
4.	Levinson, S. C.(1995)。Three levels of meaning。Grammar and Meaning: Essays in Honor of Sir John Lyons。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
5.	Traugott, E. C.(1995)。Subjectification in grammaticalization。Language, Subjectivity and Subjectification。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
6.	Hopper, Paul J.(1991)。On Some Principles of Grammaticalization。Approaches to Grammaticalization。John Benjamins。
7.	Grice, H. P.(1975)。Logic and conversation。Syntax and Semantics 9: Speech acts。New York：Academic。
8.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(2003)。From subjectification to intersubjectification。Motives for Language Change。Cambridge University Press。

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