Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, made up of arid and semiarid areas, are one of those regions where irrigation originated and developed earliest in Chinese history. Because of a lack of water resources, the irrigation management system, centering on water right maintenance, became an important mode of organizing civil groups. This research fully analyzes how water resource was managed in this region. It points out that there are three fundamental components of local water and irrigation management: management system at primary level which took managers of ditches as the core, rules of resource control which based on both distance and order and economic apportionment which took "Fu (an individual who meets certain standards)" as a unit. Furthermore, this paper elucidates that the maintenance of water right involves various aspects of rural society. The group of people who were eligible to be ditch-managers constituted the power circle of water right and played significant roles in water and irrigation management.