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題名：學習前的教材組織提示與考試技巧對語文閱讀理解之影響研究
書刊名：輔導學報
作者：張德榮
出版日期：1985
卷期：8
頁次：頁145-172
主題關鍵詞：考試；技巧；教材；組織；語文；閱讀；學習
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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在教學上，為使學生獲得最佳的學習及能表現較佳的學習效果，教材提供「前階組織」的輔助提示可能有促進學生統合新舊學習之功能，而教師培養學生的「考試技巧」似亦有助他們達到較高學習成績之可能。本研究以語文學習為題材，探究兩者可能對學生語文閱讀理解之影響。 以大學語文系三、四年級男女生八十一名，按學業平均成績配對隨機分配至三組 (各廿七人) 接受不同實驗處理。「前階組織」組學生以學習附有學習輔助教材提示的語文閱讀教材為主。「測驗技巧」組接受特殊考試技巧訓練並達到規定標準，但僅給予無前階學習提示之語文閱讀教材學習「控制」組則無任何特殊訓練，閱讀無前階提示之相同教材。 在考試技巧之評鑑上，測驗技巧組的成績顯著優于其他兩組，結果支持考試技巧之暫時特性及可訓練性。 在語文閱讀理解測驗上，三組學生的表現顯著不同。前階組織組學生遠比其他兩組的表現為佳。測驗技巧組學生在語文理解測試上似未能收學習移轉之效。 從實質教育來看，本研究的結果顯示提供前階教材組織提示對學生學習新的語文閱讀教材有具體的影響力，可促進學生對新舊學習知識之統合。研究者建議教師們宜有效地廣泛運用前階輔助教材組織的觀念到個別的學科領域的教導上，以促進學生們的學習效果。
Both Ausubel's advance organizer and test-wiseness have been proclaimed to promote learners' prose learning achievements. This study was to compare the different effects of using either advance organizer or test-wiseness on reading comprehension. Subjects in this study were 81 junior and senior college students from Dept. of Language Education, NTCE. They were randomly assigned to two experimental and one control groups, each included 27 subjects. One group received an additional paragraph serving as an advance organizer for each of the six comprehension tasks ( The Nelson­Denny Reading Test, the Revised Form) for which they were asked to read prior taking the test. The other group received the test-wiseness training program and was tested without the provision of any advance organizer. The third group, the control group, received neither advance organizer nor test-Wiseness training. The results showed that the students who received the test-wiseness training performed better than the other two groups on test-wiseness test. This supports the recency effects and the trainability of the test-wiseness. On reading comprehension posttest, the group which received advance organizer outscored the group that received test-wiseness training and the control group. This study indicates that the advance organizer for the prose material can help the learners integrate new materials into their old knowledge structure. The more frequent use of the advance organizer for different subject matter by teachers is suggested.
期刊論文
1.Ausubel, D. P.、Fitzgerald, D.(1962)。Organizer, general background, and antecedent learning variables in sequential verbal learning。Journal of Educational Psychology，53(6)，243-249。  new window
2.Ausubel, David P.、Youssef, Mohamed(1963)。The role of discriminability in meaningful parallel learning。Journal of Educational Psychology，54(6)，331-336。  new window
3.Pressley, G. M.(1977)。Imagery and children's learning: Putting the picture in development perspective。Review of Education Research，47(4)，585-622。  new window
4.Millman, J.、Bishop, C. H.、Ebel, R.(1965)。An analysis of test wiseness。Educational and psychological measurement，25(3)，706-726。  new window
5.Oakland, T.(1972)。The effects of test wiseness materials on standardized test performance of preschool disadvantaged children。Journal School Psychology，10(4)，355-360。  new window
6.Crehan, K. D.、Koehler, R. A.、Slaker, M. J.(1974)。Longitudinal studies of test-wiseness。Journal of Educational Measurement，11(2)，209-212。  new window
7.Diamond, J. J.、Evans, W. J.(1972)。An investigation of the cognitive correlates of test-wiseness。Journal of Educational Measurement，9(2)，145-150。  new window
8.Erickson, M. E.(1972)。Test sophistication: An important consideration。Journal of Reading，16，140-144。  new window
9.Kreit, L. H.(1968)。The effects of test-taking practice on pupil test performance。American Educational Research Journal，5，616-625。  new window
10.Millman, Jason、Setijadi(1966)。A comparison of the performance of American and Indonesian students on three types of test items。The Journal of Educational Research，59(6)，273-275。  new window
11.Parrish, B. W.(1982)。A test to test test-wiseness。Journal of Reading，25，672-675。  new window
12.Rowley, G. L.(1974)。Which examinees are favored by the use of multiple choice tests?。Journal of Education Measurement，11，15-23。  new window
13.Samacki, R. E.(1979)。An examination of test-wiseness in the cognitive test domain。Review of Educational Research，49(2)，252-279。  new window
14.Slakter, M. J.、Koehler, R. A.、Hampton, S. H.(1970)。Grade level, sex, and selected aspects of test-wiseness。Journal of Educational Measurement，7(2)，119-122。  new window
15.Slakter, M. L.、Koehler, R. A.、Hamptons, S. H.(1970)。Learning test-wiseness by programmed texts。Journal of Educational Measurement，7(4)，247-254。  new window
16.Wahlstrom, M.、Boersma, F. J.(1968)。The influence of test-wiseness upon achievement。Educational and Psychological Measurement，28，413-420。  new window
17.Faw, H. W.、Waller, T. G.(1976)。Mathemagenic Behaviours and Efficiency in Learning from Prose Materials: Review, Critique and Recommendations。Reveiw of Educatioal Research，46(4)，691-720。  new window
18.Vernon, P. E.(1962)。The determinants of reading comprehension。Educational and Psychological Measurement，22(2)，269-286。  new window
19.Moore, J. C.、Schutz, R. E.、Baker, R. L.(1966)。The application of a self-instructional technique to develop a test-taking strategy。American Educational Research Journal，3，13-17。  new window
20.Abramson, T.、Kagen, E.(1974)。Familiarization of Content and different response modes in programmed instruction。American Educational Research Association。  new window
21.Allen, D. I.(1970)。Some effects of advance organizers and level of question on the learning and retention of written social studies material。Journal of Educational Psychology，61，333-339。  new window
22.Andrews, L.(1973)。Reading Comprehension and Three Modes of Prereading Assistance。Journal of Reading Behavior，5，237-241。  new window
23.Bugelski, B. R.(1962)。Presentation time, total time, and mediation in paired-associate learning。Journal of Experimental Psychology，63，409-412。  new window
24.Clawson, E. U.、Barnes, B. R.(1973)。The effects of organizers on the learning of structured anthropology materials in the elementary grades。Journal of Experimental Education，42，11-15。  new window
25.Grotelueschen, A.、Sjogren, D. D.(1968)。Effects of differentially structured introductory materials and learning tasks on learning and transfer。American Educational Research Journal，5，191-202。  new window
26.King, D. J.(1974)。Total presentation time and total learning time in connected discourse learning。Journal of Experimental Psychology，103(3)，586-589。  new window
27.Mayer, R. E.(1977)。The sequencing of instruction and the concept of assimilation-to-schema。Instructional Science，6(4)，369-388。  new window
28.Proger, B. B.、Carter, C. E.、Mann, L.、Taylor, R. G. Jr.、Bayuk, R. J. Jr.、Morris, V. R.、Reckless, D. E.(1973)。Advance and concurrent organizers for detailed verbal passages used with elementary school pupils。Journal of Educational Research，66，451-456。  new window
29.Scandura, J. M.、Wells, J. N.(1967)。Advance organizers in learning abstract mathematics。American Educational Research Journal，4，295-301。  new window
30.李咏吟(19810600)。教材結構與前階組織作為觀念學習的教學策略之研究。輔導學報，4，1-23。new window  延伸查詢new window
31.Ausubel, D. P.、Fitzgerald, D.(1961)。The role of discriminability in meaningful verbal learning and retention。Journal of Educational Psychology，52(5)，243-249。  new window
32.Ausubel, David Paul(1960)。The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material。Journal of Educational Psychology，51(5)，267-272。  new window
會議論文
1.Bajtelsmit, J. W.(1975)。Development and validation of an adult measure of secondary cue-using strategies on objective examinations: The test of obscure knowledge (TOOK)。The annual meeting of the North Eastern Educational Research Association。Ellenville, New York。  new window
2.Gaines, W. G.、Jongsma, E. A.(1974)。The effect of training in test-taking skills on the achievement scores of fifth grade pupils。The annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education。Chicago, Illinois。  new window
3.Woodley, K. K.(1973)。Test-wiseness program development and evaluation。The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association。New Orleans, Louisiana。  new window
研究報告
1.Millman, J.(1966)。Test-wiseness in taking objective achievement and aptitude examinations。College Entrance Examination Board。  new window
2.Slakter, M. J.、Koehler, R. A.(1969)。Test-wiseness。Fredonia, New York：Teacher Education Research Center, State University College at Fredonia。  new window
學位論文
1.Gibb, B. G.(1964)。Test-wiseness as secondary cue response(博士論文)。Stanford University，Ann Arbor, Michigan。  new window
2.Ardiff, M. B.(1965)。The relationship of three aspects of test-wise­ness to intelligence and reading ability in grades three and six(碩士論文)。Cornell University。  new window
3.Chang, T. J.(1978)。Test-wiseness and passage-dependency in standardized reading comprehension test items(博士論文)。Southern Illinois University。  new window
4.Hecht, J. T.(1972)。Test-wiseness and usability of scores obtained from repeated IQ test administrations(博士論文)。Southern Illinois University，Carbondale, Illinois。  new window
5.Lewis, E. L.(1971)。The effects of practice and specific item learning on verbal and nonverbal ability assessment(博士論文)。Southern Illinois University，Carbondale, Illinois。  new window
圖書
1.Anastasi, Anne(1976)。Psychological testing。New York：MacMillan。  new window
2.Glass, G. V.、Stanley, J. C.(1970)。Statistical methods in education and psychology。Englewood Cliffs, N.J.：Prentice-Hall。  new window
3.Nunnally, Jum C.、Bernstein, Ira H.、Berge, Jos M. F. ten(1967)。Psychometric Theory。New York：McGraw Hill Book Company。  new window
4.English, H. B.、English, A. C.(1970)。A comprehensive dictionary of psychological and psychoanalytical terms。New York：David McKay Company, Inc.。  new window
5.Ford, V. A.(1973)。Everything you wanted to know about test-wiseness。Princeton, NJ：Educational Testing Service。  new window
6.Ausubel, David Paul(1968)。Educational Psychology: a cognitive view。New York：Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.。  new window
7.Bloom, B. S.(1956)。Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals, Handbook I: Cognitive domain。Longmans, Green。  new window
8.Brown, J. I.(1960)。The Nelson Denny reading test (Revised, Form A)。Boston：Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company。  new window
9.Brown, J. I.(1960)。The examiner's manual: The Nelson-Denny reading test。Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company。  new window
10.Cronbach, L. J.、Snow, R. E.(1977)。Aptitudes and instructional methods: A handbook for research in interactions。New York：Irvington Publishers。  new window
11.Dayton, C. M.(1970)。The design of educational experiments。New York：McGraw-Hill。  new window
12.Ebel, R. L.(1965)。Essentials of educational measurement。Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey：Prentice-Hall。  new window
13.Huff, D.(1961)。Score: The strategy of taking tests。New York：Appleton-Century-Crofts。  new window
14.Millman, J.、Pauk, W.(1969)。How to take tests。New York：McGraw Hill。  new window
15.Ausubel, David Paul(1963)。The psychology of meaningful verbal learning: an introduction to school learning。Grune & Stratton, Inc.。  new window
其他
1.Anderson, B. E.(1973)。The effects of test-wiseness upon mental ability assessment, achievement and deductive reasoning in a college sample: An instructional model。  new window
圖書論文
1.Stanley, Julian C.(1971)。Reliability。Educational Measurement。Washington, DC：American Council on Education。  new window
2.Thorndike, R. L.(1951)。Reliability。Educational Measurement。Washington, D. C.：American Council on Education。  new window
3.Ausubel, D. P.(1967)。A cognitive-structure theory of schooling。Instruction: Some contemporary view point。San Francisco：Chan Chandler。  new window
4.Ebel, R. L.、Damrin, D. E.(1960)。Tests and examination。Encyclopedia of Educational Research。New York：The MacMillan Company。  new window
5.Rothkopf, E. Z.(1965)。Some theoretical and experimental approaches to problems in written instruction。Learning and the educational process。Chicago：Rand McNally。  new window
 
 
 
 
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