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題名：論「死亡」與霍布斯式政治秩序的形成
書刊名：東吳政治學報
作者：陳瑞崇
出版日期：1995
卷期：4
頁次：頁285-311
主題關鍵詞：霍布斯；政治秩序；利維坦；公民論；自然法；社會契約；死亡；正義；Thomas hobbes；Leviathan；De cive；Political order；Natural laws；Social contract；Death；Justice
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本文以霍布斯的《利維坦》（Leviathan）及《公民論》（De Cive）中的「死亡」弔詭及其化解，論說：當人「死亡」成為政治哲學論述的對象時，「身體」即構成政治哲學與政治力施展的場域。這樣的結果代表政治哲學關注的焦點，已從「公民德行」（civic virtue）轉移至「肉體」，政治力的作用已不再是促發一組自足的、超越的德行，而是以承認並解決肉體的自我保存作為基本的政治問題，強制力取代統治者言行作為創造與維持秩序的關鍵性力量。這樣焦點的轉移是將「人」與「公民」清楚地分開，在大部分的情況，死亡被隱藏起來，成就一個看似可以迴避或遺忘，其實是為了使死亡成為生活與行動意識之支配性取向的格局，其間公民身份大多掩蓋但不是取代或剔除了身為一個「人」的本性，公民德行已轉化成為必須依附於肉體、以私人自保轉化為人人皆得自保的正義行為。只有在公民身份動搖時，人的肉體意涵才會大肆彰顯，而壓制甚至取消了「公民」。霍布斯式政治秩序的建立是基於以「公民」來支配「人」的意涵，展現在日常生活中，即是人人皆得平等地擺脫不預期之死亡的威脅，在國家法律一視同仁的管理之下，人人享有相對無懼的生活，稱為「政治秩序」，能平等地享有這種生活待遇的「人」，即稱為「公民」。這樣對「死亡」的討論，構成了一項鮮明的政治哲學論述策略，特別是一組關於「正義」的論述。
The pervasive and distressed fear for death of humankind made human body become a distinctive field of modern political philosophy and power. This essay intends to justify this assumption through demonstrating the formation of Hobbesian political order in "Leviathan" and "De Cive." There are three impressive strategies of the specific formation of Hobbesian political order in his two books. 1. "Death" became a unique issue of knowledge and power. The focus of political philosophy (knowledge) and political power transferred from the pursuit of civic virtue to the management of human body. The purpose of political power would have less to do with an independent set of virtue than with the persistent self-preservation of everybody. The significance of a good mortal ruler in a good and legitimate government has been replaced gradually by a common coercion and its effective institutions. 2. A good and possible political order is artificial. Both of the specific interpretation of human nature and the patterns of human relation in Hobbes's political philosophy were disciplined and manipulated exclusively by an artificial person-sovereign. What a sovereign may create and conduct is so-called Hobbesian political order. 3. The unavoidable separation of "man" and "citizen" in Hobbesian political order. Death has been escaped from most of daily of life of citizens for the supremacy and domination of civic law. Death is therefore forgettable in a civic life and all citizens concealed and dominated successfully the mortal character of "man." Through Hobbes's controversial demonstration of the formation of political order in "Leviathan" and "De Cive," "death" does become an impressive discursive strategy and a key but neglected issue of modern political philosophy.
期刊論文
1.Kavka, Gregory(1983)。Hobbes's War of All Against All。Ethics，93(2)，291-310。  new window
2.Salkever, Stephen G.(1974)。Virtue, Obligation, and Politics。American Political Science Review，68，78-92。  new window
3.Lamprecht, Sterling P.(1940)。Hobbes and Hobbism。American Political Science Review，34(1)，31-53。  new window
4.Ake, Claude(1940)。Social Contract Theory and The Problem of Politicization: The Case of Hobbes。The Western Political Science Quarterly，23，463-70。  new window
5.Barry, Brian(1968)。Warrender and His Critics。Philosopphy，43(164)，117-137。  new window
6.Campbell, Blair(1971)。Prescription and Description in Political Thought: The Case for Hobbes。American Political Science Review，65，376-388。  new window
7.Gavre, Mark(1974)。Hobbes and His Audience: The Dynamics of Theorizing。American Political Science Review，68，1542-1556。  new window
8.Mansfield, Harvey C. Jr.(1971)。Hobbes and the Science of Indirect Government。American Political Science Review，65，97-110。  new window
9.Pitkin, Hanna(1964)。Hobbes's Concept of Representatm-II。American Political Science Review，58，902-918。  new window
10.Stewart, J. B.(1970)。Hobbes Among the Critics。Political Science Quarterly，73，547-565。  new window
圖書
1.Warrender, Howard(1957)。The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
2.Kavka, Gregory S.(1986)。Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory。Princeton, New Jersey：Princeton University Press。  new window
3.Jacobson, Norman(1978)。Pride and Solace: the Functions and Limits of Political Theory。New York。  new window
4.MacIntyre, Alasdair(1966)。A Short History of Ethics。New York：Macmillan。  new window
5.Wolin, Sheldon S.(1960)。Politics and Vision。Boston：Little Brown。  new window
6.Aristotle、Everson, Stephen(1988)。The politics。Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Macpherson, Crawford B.(1962)。The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Locke。Oxford University Press。  new window
8.Hobbes, Thomas、Oakeshott, Michael(1955)。Leviathan。Oxford：Basil Blackwell。  new window
9.Spragens, Thomas A.(1973)。The Politics of Motion: The World of Thomas Hobbes。Kentucky：The University Press of Kentucky。  new window
10.柏拉圖、鄺健行(1983)。柏拉圖三書。台北：仲信出版社。  延伸查詢new window
11.Gauthier, David P.(1979)。The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes。Oxford：The Clarendon Press。  new window
12.Goldsmith, M. M.(1966)。Hobbes's Science of Politics。New York：London：Columbia University Press。  new window
13.Herzog, Don(1985)。Without foundations: Justification in Political Theory。Ithaca：London：Cornell University Press。  new window
14.De Jourvenel, Bertrand、Huntington, J. F.(1957)。Sovereignty: An Inquiry Into The Political Good。Chicago：The University of Chicago Press。  new window
15.McDonald, Lee Cameron(1962)。Western Political Theory: The Modern Aqe。New York：Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.。  new window
16.Peters, Richard(1986)。Hobbes。London：New York：Routledge & Kegan Paul。  new window
17.Plamenatz, John(1963)。Man and Society。Longman。  new window
18.Rapaczynskit, Andrzej(1987)。Nature and Politics: Liberalism in the Philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau。Cornell University Press。  new window
19.Sorell, Tom(1956)。Hobbes。Harmondsworth：Penguin Books。  new window
20.Strauss, Leo、Sinclair, Elas M.(1952)。The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。  new window
21.Germino, Dante(1975)。The Contemporary Relevance of the Classics of Political Philosophy。  new window
22.張明貴(1982)。政治學--範圍與理論。台北：幼獅。  延伸查詢new window
23.Baumgold, Deborath(1988)。Hobbes's Political Theory。Cambridge University Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.法．傅柯(199204)。何為作者？。當代西方文學批評理論。臺北：駱駝出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.Brown, Stuart M.、Brown, K. C.(1965)。The Taylor Thesis: Introductory Note。Hobbes Studies。Oxford：Basil Blackwell。  new window
3.Brown, Stuart M.(1965)。The Taylor Thesis: Some Objections。Hobbes Studies。  new window
4.Coady, C. A. J.、Muschamp, David(1986)。Hobbes: Reasonp Morality and Politics。Political Thinkers。Australia：Macmillan。  new window
5.Foucault, Michel(1977)。What Is an Author。Language, Counter-Memory, Practice。Ithaca：N.Y.。  new window
6.Gert, Bernard、Gert, Bernard(1978)。Introduction。Man and Citizen。Gloucester：Peter Smith。  new window
7.Grace, Damien(1980)。Augustine and Hobbes。Comparing Political Thinkers。New York：Pergamon Press。  new window
8.Hobbes, Thomas(1978)。De Cive。Man and Citizen。  new window
9.Macpherson, C. B.(1968)。Introduction。Leviathan。Harmondworth：Penguin Books。  new window
10.Oakeshott, Michael、Oakeshott, Michael(1955)。Introduction。Leviathan。  new window
11.Taylor, A. E.(1965)。The Ethical Doctrine of Hobbes。Hobbes Studies。  new window
12.Wertheimer, Alan P.(1972)。Political coercion and Political Obligation。NOMOS XIV: Coercion。New Youk：Atherton。  new window
13.蘇文流(19910000)。《克里圖》中正義與服從的關係：一個初步的分析。正義及其相關問題。臺北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學所。new window  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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