生態系統服務市場化工具作為一種與命令控制型進路相對的環境政策工具,最初與污染問題相聯系而出現,之后擴展至生物多樣性和生態系統服務的保護,被認為能夠更有效地應對市場失靈,為自然資源管理提供正向激勵,有助于優化資源配置以及填補生態保護資金缺口。通過對生態系統服務市場化工具概念、類型和適用的考察,可以發現生態系統服務市場化工具的概念雖頻繁出現,但界定過于寬泛模糊,幾乎泛指所有帶有價格成分的工具;生態系統服務市場化工具的類型劃分并不一致,基于歸納的類型劃分將現行市場化工具歸納為基于價格的機制、基于數量的機制和市場摩擦機制三類,而基于演繹的類型劃分,則將市場化工具分為直接市場交易、許可證交易、反向拍賣、科斯類型協議、調控價格變化和自愿性價格信號六類;生態系統服務市場化工具的適用需要以生態系統服務的貨幣化為前提,受制于制度背景,并且應當針對市場的弊端予以法律規制,確保交易能夠真正提供環境效益;市場化工具的選擇不僅有賴于數字運算,還應當考慮多種因素并予以權衡,同時綜合運用各種市場化或非市場化工具。中國在建立健全生態保護市場體系的過程中,應當把握生態系統服務市場化工具通過生態系統服務貨幣化和商品化解決環境外部性問題這一實質,理解緩解銀行、生態系統服務付費、反向拍賣、生態標簽和生態認證等典型市場化工具的運行機理,明確生態系統服務市場化工具適用的前提和規則,更好地發揮市場化工具的積極功效,從而實現特定的環境政策目標。

Market-based instruments( MBIs) for ecosystem services,in correspondence to the command and control approaches,is a type of environmental policy tool which was initially associated with pollution problems,and then extended to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services protection. It has been considered to be a more effective scheme to correct market failure,to provide positive incentives for natural resources management,to optimize the allocation of resources,and to fill the financial gap of ecological protection funds. According to the investigation to the concept,classification,and application of MBIs,it may be found that although the idea of MBIs has been used frequently,it is too broad and vague,which almost refers to all components with price tools. The classification of MBIs is not consistent,which is according to inductive method divided into price-based instruments,quantity-based instruments,and market friction mechanisms,and divided into direct markets,tradable permits,reverse auctions,Coasean-type agreements,regulatory price signals,and voluntary price signals according to deductive method. The application of MBIs should base on the monetization of ecosystem services,and subject to the institutional context; moreover,defects on the market should be regulated by law to ensure that the transaction can truly provide environmental benefits. The choice of MBIs depends not only on digital operation,but also on comprehensive consideration and weighing of various factors in order to better combine different MBIs or non-MBIs. In the process of establishing and improving the market system of ecological protection in China,we should grasp the essence that MBIs for ecosystem services is to deal with the environmental externality through monetization and commodification of ecosystem services,and we should understand the operation mechanism of typical instruments such as mitigation banking,payments for ecosystem services,reverse auction,eco-labeling and eco-certification,so as to define the premise and rules of the application of market-based instruments for ecosystem services,to develop the positive function of market-based instruments,therefore,to achieve specific environmental policy goals.