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題名:國際主義的不同面貌:傅爾布萊特對中國政策理念演變之研究(一九四三至一九七四)
作者:黃乃琦
作者(外文):Jack Nae-Chyi Hwang
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所
指導教授:魏良才
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:中國公聽會中國政策傅爾布萊特國際主義中美關係China HearingsChina policyFulbrightInternationalismSina-American relations
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本論文研究主題鎖定傅爾布萊特(一九○五至一九九五)任公職卅一年(一九四三至一九七四)間對中國政策理念態度之轉變,研究目的在重新建構和闡釋傅氏以國際主義思想為基本架構下,從中國政策中展現出何種不同的面貌。最主要的研究方法則選擇歷史文獻分析法和亞歷山大.喬治的運作準則分析法,將傅氏公職生涯作縱向的長時期分析,以及橫方向的橫斷分析,找出傅氏對中國政策在想法和作法上的理念為何,以及背後的因素。
本研究各章皆以分析事實始,以運作準則方法作總結分析。第一章探討傅氏家世背景、教育學程、國際經驗、及其從政之路與國際主義思想形成的原因,並界定國際主義,以及傅氏國際主義的思想內涵為何。第二章探討在一九四六至一九五六年十年間,在國際冷戰局勢下,傅氏重視和平的國際主義,如何由樂觀轉向悲觀,變成冷戰鬥士。第三章闡述傅氏對中國政策開始轉變。促使傅氏修正其中國政策的最主要因素為:越戰以及他與行政部門關係的惡化。第四章探討影響傅氏中國政策和有關中國歷史思想的人與著作,以及傅氏透過一九六六年「中國公聽會」對中國政策和中國歷史文化的再教育,並透露出他主張與中共和解的主張。第五章分析傅氏在召開過「中國公聽會」後,公聽會本身對傅氏及決策當局的影響。第六章在呈現傅氏如何透過另外四次公聽會,為中美關係正常化尋找定位,並為尼克森總統的大陸之行背書。第七章分析傅氏赴大陸訪問之觀感,以印證其中國政策之主張。同時附帶他在一九七四年落選至一九九五年逝世之間有關他對中國政策的看法,以及後人對他的評價。第八章綜合上述各章有關運作準則的分析,將運作準則作縱向長期的趨勢分析,以及橫向的橫斷分析來歸納傅氏對中國政策理念的轉變,提出傅氏在國際主義思想的架構下,展現何種不同的面貌,並闡釋之。第九章總結本文,提出發現。
本研究之發現有四。第一、傅氏對中共角色認知、國際情勢、美國角色扮演、和個人理念,他堅信中國政策「改變」乃無可避免,這使得傅氏國際主義呈現多元彈性的面貌。按前後時間的演變:「社群國際主義---軍事與合作兼具之國際主義---保守但樂觀之國際主義---有條件樂觀之國際主義---合作且樂觀之國際主義」。第二、傅氏之中國政策難脫自明命運、美國優先論。他將國家利益合理化,標榜以理性去接納政治的非理性,作為解讀美國對中國政策的運作準則。而中共在國際間的非理性行為,他將之合理化為維繫民族主義自尊的補償行為。第三、傅氏選擇性地用中國歷史文化聯繫和類比來詮釋中國共產黨的本質,營造中美和解正當性的氣氛。而不用共產意識形態和組織來看中國共產黨如何移植馬克思和列寧主義到中國來是否水土不服。故有錯置歷史、以古論今之嫌,迴避了認知的不足,但卻無礙其改善雙邊關係的主張。第四、傅氏對中國歷史的憧憬,加上浪漫的中國情懷,有一廂情願之嫌。他掬取自由派學者的史觀,漠視中國政治的事實。為了貫徹其改善中國政策的決心,使他缺少對中國批判的精神。
Senator J. William Fulbright (1905-1995) dedicated his life to public service in Congress for more than 30 years, lasting through the Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and Ford years (1943-1974). This study focuses on Senator Fulbright’s evolving views regarding China policy. The main purpose of the study is to construct Fulbright’s concepts and to interpret the change of his attitudes toward China policy within the framework of internationalism. The methodologies adopted in the study are historical analysis and Alexander George’s operational code analysis, in which longitudinal analysis is applied to view the transformation and evolution of his views regarding China policy, and cross-sectional analysis is used to find how they had changed.
In an effort to explain the Arkansas Democrat’s rise to prominence and why his perspective of China developed as it did, this study begins by examining Fulbright’s family and educational background, and his developing liberal internationalism as a senator. Chapter Two presents Fulbright as a Cold War warrior who defended American containment policy against communism during the late 1940s and 1950s. Chapter Three presents Fulbright as a revisionist whose foreign policy thought changed from containment and deterrence to detente. During the mid-1950s and the early 1960s, Fulbright began modifying his hostile China policy to a new policy based on the principle of detente. The Vietnam War and his dissent with the administration were the main reasons why Fulbright changed his ideas on China policy. Chapter Four discusses how Fulbright, as an educator, took action by holding congressional hearings and led the Senate to fight against the government’s prevailing China policy. These public hearings invited the most influential American China experts who presented divergent views of new a China policy. These views echoed Fulbright’s quest for a new Open Door Policy. Chapter Five analyzes how the China Hearings influenced the American public as well as the administration. Chapter Six examines another four congressional hearings relative to the policy of United States toward the ROC and the PRC. Fulbright justified and endorsed Nixon’s policy of normalization through these hearings. Chapter Seven analyzes Fulbright’s impressions and suggestions after his visit to China. Chapter Eight uses cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis to explore the rationale behind Fulbright’s changing thoughts and perceptions on China policy. Chapter Nine concludes the findings of the study.
This study has four findings. First, Fulbright believed that “change” in China policy was inevitable and necessary according to his cognition of China and America in the changing world of international circumstances. Thus, his China policy was rather flexible. Secondly, Fulbright’s attitudes toward China were inevitably influenced by the principles of Manifest Destiny and American supremacy. Under these principles, it was in America’s interests that the United States extend its influence over China and maintain friendly as well as stable relations with China. In order to change the status quo policy, Fulbright regarded China’s irrational behavior and hostile attitudes toward foreign nations as compensating her national dignity, for Chinese nationalism had been seriously damaged by foreigners since the Opium War. Thirdly, Fulbright selectively applied the Chinese historical episodes to define and interpret political nature of the Chinese communism. In many respects, Fulbright was both naive and innocent about the complexities of how Chinese Communism had transformed from Marxism and Leninism as both ideologies and tools to develop her political entity. Using historical events to look at modern policy reality, Fulbright seemed to make up for his inefficiency about the knowledge of China, but he could not avoid his tendency of anachronism. It was not his concern whether he correctly interpreted Chinese history or not. Fourthly, Fulbright had his own China fantasies, a land full of mystery, possibility, potentiality, and romantic imagination, which made him optimistically tend to adopt liberal China experts’ views in analyzing modern China. In order to accomplish his goal of changing America’s contemporary China policy and establishing better relations with China, Fulbright essentially lacked of fair and thoughtful critical visions on China.
中文部份(依筆劃順序)
中文書籍
王成勉。〈評’中美關係史上沈重的一頁〉。《中國現代史書評選輯》。台北:國史館編,一九九三:四一四至四三○。
_____。〈評Michael Schaller的The United States and China in the 20th Century〉 。《中國現代史書評選輯》。台北:國史館編,一九九一:三四四至三六七。
王炳南。《中美會談九年回顧》。北京:世界知識出版社,一九八五。
王國璋。《當代美國政治論衡》。台北:三民書局,一九九三。new window
中共時事叢書。《中國不惜任何代價援越抗美》。香港:三聯書店,一九六六。
中共時事叢書。《美國侵略越南的困境》。香港:三聯書店,一九六六。
中共時事叢書。《把美國戰爭冒險計劃粉碎在“逐步升級”的過程中》。香港:三聯書店,一九六六。
中國國民黨中央文工會編。《中國國民黨與國際關係》。台北:正中書局,一九八四。
石之瑜。《大陸問題研究》。台北:三民書局,一九九五。
_____。《近代中國對外關係新論---政治文化與心理分析》。台北:三民書局,一九九五。
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史華慈。〈中國政治思想的深層結構〉。《中國歷史轉型時期的知識份子》。余英時等著。台北:聯經出版公司,一九九六:廿三。
卡爾.蘭辛。《蘭辛回憶錄》。上海:人民出版社,一九七五。
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伍啟元。《美國世紀:1901-1990》。台北:台灣商務印書館,一九九二。
何兆武。《歷史與歷史學》。香港:牛津大學出版社,一九九五。
宋美齡。〈自由世界對世界反共的重要性〉。《蔣夫人思想論集》。台北:蔣夫人思想論集編輯委員會,一九六六,卷五:廿一。
沙勒 (Michael Schaller)。郭濟祖譯。《美利堅在中國》。The U.S. Crusade in China。台北:南方出版社,一九八七。
李大維。《台灣關係法立法過程---美國總統與國會間之制衡》。台北:風雲論壇,一九九六。
李本京。《七十年中美關係評估:一九一三至一九八四》。台北:黎明文化事業公司,一九八八。
李澤厚、劉再復。《告別革命:廿世紀中國對談錄》。台北:麥田出版社,一九九九。
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宋宏煦。《武嚇與危機》。台北:幼獅文化事業公司,一九九六。
佛萊迪米洛夫(Peter Vladimirov)。《延安日記》。(The Vladimirov Diaries)。周新譯。台北:聯經出版社,一九七六。
邵玉銘。《中美關係論文集》。台北:傳記文學出版社,一九八○。
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周煦。《聯合國與國際政治》。台北:黎明文化事業公司,一九九三。
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孟捷慕(James H. Mann)。《轉向:從尼克森到柯林頓美中關係揭密》(About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton)。林添貴譯。台北:先覺出版公司,一九九九。
金耀基。〈中國國家社會主義下知識份子的角色〉。《中國歷史轉型時期的知識份子》。余英時等著。台北:聯經出版公司,一九九六。
拉斯威爾(Harold D. Lasswell)。《政治:論權勢人物的成長、時機和方法》。 (Politics: Who Gets What, When, How)。鯨鯤,和敏譯。台北:時報文化,一九九一。
胡文治、陳雍、吳樹仁等。《國際法概論》。浙江: 浙江人民出版社,一九八六。
柯文斯(Edward S. Corwin’s)。《美國憲法》(The Constitution and What It Means Today)。王震南譯。台北:陽明管理發展中心,一九九二。
柯保安(Paul Cohen)。《美國的中國近代史研究》(Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past)。李榮泰等譯。台北:聯經出版社,一九九一。
梁敬錞。《史迪威事件》。台北:台灣商務印書館,一九七一。
高朗,《中華民國外交關係之演變(1972-1992)》。台北:五南出版社,一九九四。
張京育。《從台北看世界:國際關係論文集》。台北:幼獅文化事業公司,一九八七。
張朋園。《郭廷以、費正清、韋慕廷:台灣與美國學術交流個案》。台北:中史研究院近代史研究所,一九九七:一○○至一○五。
孫啟泰、熊志勇。《大寨紅旗的升起與降落》。鄭州:河南人民出版社,一九九○。
郝思提(J. Holsti)。《國際政治解析的架構》。International Politics: A Framework for Analysis。龔文周,何建台譯。台北:龍田出版社,一九八三。
唐耐心(Nancy Tucker)。〈孤立中國:第一任艾森豪政府的亞洲政策〉。《中美關係史上沈重的一頁》。袁明,哈里.哈丁編。北京:北京大學出版社,一九八九。
黃仁宇。《新時代的歷史觀:西學為體,中學為用》。台北:商務印書館,一九九八。
國史館;《中華民國史事紀要》。台北:國史館,一九九○。
陳永發。《中國共產革命七十年》。台北:聯經出版社,一九九八。new window
陳秀容。《佛洛姆的政治思想》。台北:三民書局,一九九二。
陳建仁編著。《流行病學》。台北:伙伴出版,一九八三。
陳毓鈞。《戰爭與和平:解析美國對華政策》。台北:環宇出版社,一九九七。
傅建中 編著。《季辛吉秘錄》。台北:時報出版,一九九九。
趙全勝。《解讀中國外交政策:微觀、宏觀相結合的研究方法》。台北:月旦出版社,一九九九。new window
楊日旭。《美國對華及中共政策評臆》。台北:黎明文化事業公司,一九八四。
_____。〈范登堡(Arthur H. Vandenberg)與中國政策(一九四七至一九四八)〉。《美國政治與美國國會》。台北:黎明文化事業公司,一九八○:二六五至二九二。
_____。〈美國國會兩年來關於中國問題聽證的綜合研究〉。《民主政治與政治參與》。台北:黎明文化事業公司,一九八○:一七三至一九二。
齊茂吉。〈韓戰及台海二次危機對台灣安全之影響〉。《台灣與四鄰論文集》。賴澤涵,于子橋主編。桃園:中央大學歷史研究所,一九九八:七五。
劉杰誠。《毛澤東與斯大林》。北京:中共中央黨校出版社,一九九三。
劉紹唐編。《民國大事日誌》。台北:國立編譯館,一九七○。
衛林。《第二次世界大戰國際關係大事紀:1945-1979》。北京:中國社會科學出版社,一九八三。
錢剛鐔。《中共外交政策與策略》。台北:黎明出版社,一九八三年:一七四。
魏惟儀。《華府二三事》。台北:聯經出版社,一九九二:八十五至九十五。
魏萼。《展析蛻變中的國際經濟與國際關係》。台北:黎明文化事業公司,一九八○。
魏鏞。〈兩年來美國對華政策之分析〉。《中華民國國史紀要》。台北:國史館,一九七一: 三九○。new window
關中。《中美關係的檢討》。台北:關中自刊,中興印刷,一九八二。
戴天昭。《台灣國際政治史》。台北:前衛出版社,一九九七:四七八。
鍾倫納。《應用社會科學研究法》。台北:台灣商務印書館,一九九三。
韓素音。《周恩來與他的世紀:一八九八至一九九八》。北京:中央文獻出版社,一九九六年 。
聶榮臻。《聶榮臻回憶錄》。香港:明報出版社,一九九一。
蘇嘉宏。《中國的自許與美國的期待---美國晚近的美中關係研究之取向》。台北:五南出版社,一九九八。new window
中文期刊(報紙、雜誌、期刊)
《人民日報》
_____。〈誰在孤立之中〉一九六六年六月一日
_____。〈尼克松的’撤軍’是個煙幕〉。一九七○年七月四日。
_____。〈羅杰斯的惡毒陰謀和無恥謊言〉。一九七○年七月十四日
_____。〈日本軍國主義的迷夢〉。一九七○年七月十五日。
_____。〈美日反動派加緊對亞洲的侵略部署〉。一九七○年七月廿六日。
_____。〈黃永勝總參謀長在歡迎朝鮮軍事代表團的宴會上的講話〉。一九七○年七月廿七日。
_____。〈美帝國主義並沒有放下屠刀〉。社論。一九七○年七月廿七日。
_____。 社論。一九七一年一月一日。
《中央日報》
_____。 一九六一年六月十四日。
_____。一九六六年四月十七日。
吳炯造。〈立法院關注魯斯克聲明〉。《中央日報》,一九六六年四月廿日。
_____。一九六六年五月十五日。
_____。一九六六年五月廿一日。
_____。一九六六年六月六日。
_____。一九六六年六月九日。
_____。一九六六年七月三日。
_____。一九六六年八月卅一日。
_____。〈檢討我們的外交〉。一九六六年四月廿日。
魏鏞。〈近年來美國學者研究中國問題的趨勢及我國應有的認識〉。《中央日報》,一九六八年
二月十一日。
_____。一九七一年九月十八日。
〈魯斯克的中國政策〉。《中央社》。一九六六年七月三日。
魏鏞。〈美國智識份子之政治傾向〉。《中央星期雜誌》,一九六六年七月七日。
《中華日報》。一九六六年四月十七日。
_____。一九六六年五月十五日。
_____。一九六六年五月廿一日。
_____。一九六六年六月六日。
_____。一九六六年六月九日。
_____。一九六六年七月三日。
_____。一九六六年八月卅一日。
傅建中。〈老中國通,鮑大可歸道山〉。《中國時報》。一九九九年三月廿日
冉亮。《中國時報》。一九九九年五月廿日。
《中國郵報》。一九六六年五月八日。
_____。一九六六年五月廿一日。
《青年戰士報》。一九六六年四月十七日。
_____。一九六六年五月十五日。
_____。一九六六年五月廿一日。
_____。一九六六年六月六日。
_____。一九六六年六月九日。
_____。一九六六年七月三日。
_____。一九六六年八月卅一日。
《紅旗》。社論。一九七○年八月二日。
_____。社論。一九七一年一月一日。
《新生報》。一九六六年四月十七日。
_____。一九六六年五月十五日。
_____。一九六六年五月廿一日。
_____。一九六六年六月六日。
_____。一九六六年六月九日。
_____。一九六六年七月三日。
_____。一九六六年八月卅一日。
《聯合報》。一九七四年九月五日。
_____。一九六六年四月十七日。
_____。一九六六年五月十五日。
_____。一九六六年五月廿一日。
_____。一九六六年六月六日。
_____。一九六六年六月九日。
_____。一九六六年七月三日。
_____。一九六六年八月卅一日。
-_____。一九九九年三月廿日。
〈美中國通戴維思逝世享年九十一〉。《聯合報》。一九九九年十二月廿五日。
《解放軍報》。社論。一九七一年一月一日。
李紀舍譯,Ernest Renan著。〈何謂國家〉。《中外文學》,廿四卷六期,一九九二:四至十八。new window
潘維洛、陳閔。〈中國大陸改革開放以來美國學者對中國問題的研究〉。《當代中國研究》,期三,一九九四:七十四至七十五。
韓高潤、宋中岳。〈朝鮮戰爭反思〉。《戰略與管理》。雙月刊。北京,第三期,一九九四。
魏良才。〈杜勒斯的理念信仰及其與一九五○年代的中美關係〉。《政大歷史學報》。第九期,一九九二:一九七至二四○。new window
政府出版品、檔案
立法院。《立法院議事錄》。一九六六年四月十九、廿日。
立法院,〈行政蔣經國院長施政報告〉,《立法院公報》,卷六十一,七十八期,一九七二。
外交部檔案資料處。《中華民國外交大事日誌(一九三九至一九七七)》。台北:外交部編印。
監察院。《監察院公報》:《監察院實錄 》,一九六六年五月十四日。
演說、訪問
黃乃琦。訪問柴哥里亞教授。《台灣關係法20週年:國際學術研討會》,中央研究院歐美研究所,一九九九年四月十日。
黃乃琦。訪問羅德前副助理國務卿。台北,一九九九年六月十八日。
黃乃琦。訪問海軍上將葛敦華,一九九九年十一月廿四日。
黃乃琦。訪問監察院院長(前外交部長)錢復,一九九九年十一月卅日。
黃乃琦。訪問馬漢寶大法官,一九九八年三月十三日。
博碩士論文
葉鳴朗。〈費正清對中國政策的理念及其對國共兩黨態度之研究,1932-1952〉。台北,淡江大學美國研究所博士論文。一九九八。new window
國際學術會議
張力,〈蔣夫人的反共事業〉。《蔣夫人宋美齡女士與近代中國國際學術研討會》。台北,一九九九年十月卅一日。
西文部份
Bibliography
J. William Fulbright’s Books, Articles, Speeches, Letters, and Public Comments
(Alphabetical arrangement)
Fulbright, J. William. Against the Arrogance of Power: My Personal History. New York: Nihom
Keizai Shimbun, Inc., 1990.
_____. “The Arrogance of Power.” Speech. Christian A. Herter Lectures at Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, May 5, 1966.
_____. “Bipartisanship Is a Two-Way Street.” The Reporter. Dec. 16, 1954: 10.
_____. “Bridges East and West.” Speech. The Southern Methodist University in Texas, Dec. 8, 1964.
_____. “Commonwealth and Continent.” Speech. The Marfleet Lectures. University of Toronto, Dec.
8- 9, 1947.
_____. “Congress and Peace.” Journal of the National Education Association. No. 32 Nov. 1943:
217-18.
_____. “Economic Problems of Arkansas.” Speech by J. William Fulbright, Little Rock Chamber of
Commerce, Oct. 18, 1940.
_____. “Fifty Years on…” Lecture at R. B. McCallum Memorial Lecture Pembroke College, Oxford,
Oct. 24, 1975.
_____. “If Congress is Bad, then so is the Voter.” New York Times Magazine. Nov. 3, 1946: 65-
66.
_____. The Crippled Giant. New York: Random House, 1972.
_____. “The Elite and the Electorate: Is Government by the People Possible?” Challenges to
Democracy: The Next Ten Years. Edward Reed, ed. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963: 44-
45.
_____. “For a Concert of Free Nations.” Foreign Affairs. Oct. 1961: 56-63.
_____. “The Higher Patriotism.” Speech. Christian A. Herter Lectures at Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, April 21, 1966.
_____. “International Education: Focus for Corporate Support.” Harvard Business Review. 53, May-
June, 1977: 137-41.
_____. “Iraq and Lebanon: ‘One Foot over the Brink’” Senate Speech. Aug. 6, 1958: 16319.
_____. “The Legislator.” Speech at the University of Chicago, 1947.
_____. “The Legislator as Educator.” Foreign Affairs. Spring 1979: 719-32.
_____. “McCarthyism: Tyranny Without a Tyrant.” Speech. University of Minnesota, April 29, 1954.
_____. Old Myths and New Realities. New York: Random House, 1964.
_____. The New World Looks at the Old. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1948.
_____. The Price of Empire. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
_____. “The Price of Peace Is the Loss of Prejudice.” Vogue. July 1, 1945: 80-81.
_____. Prospects for the West. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
_____.“Reconstructing America’s Relations with China.” Speech. BEF Washington Workshop, June
21, 1973.
_____. “Revolutions Abroad.” Speech. Christian A. Heritor Lectures at Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, April 27, 1966.
_____. Speech. A Joint Meeting of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National
Institute of Arts in New York City, May 17, 1946.
_____. “United Nations Today and Tomorrow.” Address Before a Meeting in Constitution Hall,
Washington, D.C., May 10, 1943.
_____. Yugoslavia 1964: Report to the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations. Washington, D.C.:
GPO, 1965.
Fulbright, J. William, and John C. Stennis. The Role of Congress in the Foreign Policy .Washington
D.C.: American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research, 1971.
Fulbright, J. William, and Seth P. Tillman. The Price of Empire. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
Fulbright Papers (Special Collections of Library of U of Arkansas)
(Chronological arrangement)
Jefferson, Thomas. Letter to William Charles Jarvis, Sept. 28, 1820.
Fulbright, J. William. “American Foreign Policy---International Organization for World Security.”
March 28, 1945, BCN 24, F36, SPF
_____. Letter to Anne Wough, Feb. 16, 1926.
_____. Letter to Anne Wough, Feb. 16, 1926.
_____. Letter to Roberta. Jan. 28, 1926.
_____. Letter to Roberta. Dec. 15, 1926.
_____. Letter to Roberta. July 31, 1927.
_____. Letter to Roberta. Aug. 17, 1927.
_____. Civic Club Speech, Dec. 10, 1939.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate, March 23, 1945: 2896-2900.
_____. Letter to William R. Shaw, Oct. 4, 1945.
_____. “A United States of Europe: It Is Not an Impossible Dream.” Speech. April 7, 1947.
_____. Letter to Allen W. Dulles, July 4, 1948.
_____. Letter to Mrs. George Burriss and Mrs. T.S. Daniel, May 15, 1951.
_____. Letter to Dean Acheson. Nov. 25, 1950.
_____. Letter to Lessie Read. Jan. 3, 1951, BCN 48, F11, SPF.
_____. Letter to Danford. Jan. 13, 1951, BCN 46, Fi1e 13.
_____. Letter to McCallum, Feb. 2, 1953; R. B. McCallum. Letter to Fulbright. March 4, 1953.
_____. Letter to Under Secretary Douglas Dillon, Aug. 7, 1959; Under Secretary Douglas Dillon.
_____. Letter to Fulbright, Aug. 25, 1959.
“Hoover’s Official and Confidential File” FBI Files.
Yeah, George K.C. “The Danger of Neutralism.” Speech. The Churchman’s Club of the Diocese of
Maryland, Baltimore, May 28, 1959.
Bowles, Chester. Letter J. William Fulbright. June 23, 1959.
_____. Frank Altschul. Letter. To Senator Fulbright, Sept. 13, 1960.
_____. “A Marriage That Makes Sense.” Speech. The Seventh Commonwealth Parliamentary
Association Conference, London, Sept. 30, 1961.
_____. Letter to President Lyndon Johnson, March 3, 1965.
_____. Speech. The University of Johns Hopkins, March 12, 1965.
Johnson, Lyndon B. Speech. The University of Johns Hopkins, April 7, 1965.
_____. Memorandum to the White House. April 5, 1965.
_____. ”Prospects for Peace with Freedom.” Speech. Rhodes Scholars Reunion at the Swarthmore
College, June 19, 1965.
_____. “Higher Education and the Crisis in Asia.” Speech. 1966 Current Issues in Higher Education:
Higher Education Reflects---On Itself and on the Larger Society: The Proceedings of the
Twenty-first Annual National Conference on Higher Education, March 13-16, 1966. Kerry Smith
ed. Washington, D.C.: Association for Higher Education, 1966.
_____. Speech Nikkei, Tokyo. 1969.
_____. Letter to Fagan Dickson, Sept. 6, 1969.
Abshire, David M. Letter to Fulbright, March 12, 1970.
_____. Letter to Fulbright, Feb. 2, 1971.
Letter to Huang Chen (黃鎮), June 11, 1973.
Jacob, Mark, U. Pevic, Karen Stroope. Post Card to Fulbright. Arkansas June 25, 26, 1973.
_____. Letter. Thomas P. Griffin, July 12, 1973.
_____. CIA. Credential Documents concerning Senator J. William Fulbright’s Visit to China. Sept. 15,
1974.
Government Publications
U.S. Congress (Chronological arrangement)
U.S. Congress. Congressional Record. House. Feb. 8, 1943: A477.
--_____. Congressional Record. House. March 15, 1943: A1180-81.
_____.《Fulbright Resolution. H.R. 200》。
_____. Congressional Record. House. Jan. 26, 1944: A312.
_____. Congressional Record, Senate. Jan. 6, 1945: 81.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 28, 1945: 2899.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Sept. 27, 1945: 4187.
_____. Congressional Record, Senate. Nov. 2, 1945: A4652-54.
_____. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee of Foreign Relations. Investigation of Far Eastern
Policy. 79th Cong., 1st Sess, Dec. 5,6,7 and 10, 1945. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1945.
_____. Senate. Subcommittee of the Committee. Senate Hearings of Military Affairs.79th
Congress, 2nd Sess. Feb. 25, 1946. U.S. GPO, 1946.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. 80th Cong., 1st Sess., 1947: 3139.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Vol. III, 1947: 270.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. 80th Cong., 1st Sess., 1947: 3139.
_____. Congressional Record. George Marshall’s Testimony. “Foreign Policy for a Post-War Recovery
Program.” XCIV, 80th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1948: 1545.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Jan. 21, 1948: 385.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 11, 1948: 7817.
_____. “The Benefits of Federation: It Is an Idea, Which We Have Held to for 160 Years.”
Congressional Record. Senate. Jan. 31, 1949
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 30, 1949: 3457-58.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Dec. 11, 1950: 1639.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. XCVI, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., 1950: 4407-8.
_____. Congressional Record. House. XCV, 81stCong., 1st Sess., 1949: 4862.
_____. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Hearings on State Department Employee Loyalty
Investigation. 81st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1950: 284-85.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Dec. 11, 1950: 16393-94.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Jan. 22, 1951: 522.
_____.“General MacArthur’s Dismissal: The Risks of Recklessness.” Congressional Record. Senate.
April 26, 1951: 4404.
_____. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Military Situation in the Far East,
Hearings, 82nd Congress, May-Aug., 1951. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1951: 189-91.
_____. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Hearings on the Nomination of Philip C. Jessup to Be
United States Representative to the Sixth General Assembly of the United Nations. 82d Cong.,
1st Sess, 1951: 356-58.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Feb. 2, 1953: 749.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Feb. 6, 1953: 916.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Feb. 2, 1954: 1130.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Feb. 26, 1954: 2336.
_____. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Mutual Security Act of 1954
Hearings. 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess., June 4-22, 1954. Washing D.C.: GPO, 1954: 136.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. July 2, 1954: 9588.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. July 8, 1954: 9990-95.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. July 8, 1954: 10002-03.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 17, 1954: 1479.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Jan. 24, 1955: 622.
_____. Congressional Quarterly Almanac, Vol. XI, 1955:115.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Feb. 27, 1956: 3369.
_____. “Senate Special Committee to Study the Foreign Aid Program.” Congressional Record. Senate.
Feb. 20, 1957: 80-81.
_____. “Trade with Red China.” Congressional Record. Senate. June 6, 1957: 8479
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 2, 1957: 14463.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 6, 1958: 16318-19.
_____. “The Lessons of Aswan.” Congressional Record. Aug. 14, 1957.
_____. “Foreign Policy.” Congressional Record. Aug.27, 1957: 16008.
_____. “United States Relations with Red China.” Congressional Record. May 8, 1958: 8295-96.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 20, 1958: 11848.
_____. “One Foot over the Brink.” Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 6, 1958: 16317.
_____. “The Lessons of Aswan.” Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 14, 1957.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 20, 1957: 15264.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 20, 1958: 11844-45.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Jan. 27, 1961: 1643.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 7, 1961: 3306.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 29, 1961: 703.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 25, 1964: 6231-35.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Aug. 5.1964: 1.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Jan. 6, 1965: 315.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 29, 1965: 6215.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 7, 1965: 12733.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 15, 1965: 13656.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. July 1, 1965: 15460.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. July 26, 1965: 18233.
_____. “The Situation in the Dominican Republic.” Congressional Record. Senate. Sept. 15, 1965:
23856.
_____. “The Situation in the Dominican Republic.” Congressional Record. Senate. Sept. 15, 1965:
23856.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Sept. 16, 1965: 24170.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 7, 1966: 5145.
_____. U.S. Congress. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee of Foreign Relations. Supplemental
Foreign Assistance: Fiscal Year 1966---Vietnam. 89th Congress, 2nd Sess., Jan.-Feb., 1966.
Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1966.
_____. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy with Respect to
Mainland China. 89th Cong. 2nd Sess., March, 1966 .Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1966.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 7, 1966: 5145.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. March 17, 1966: 6749-53.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. April 5, 1966: 7634-36.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. April 25, 1966: 8869-70.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. April 28, 1966: 9325-30.
_____. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Hearings on Foreign Assistance. 89th Cong., 2nd Sess.,
April-May 1966. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1966.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. May 17, 1966: 10805-12.
_____. House. Hearings Before Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Far East and Pacific. U.S. Policy
Toward Asia. May 19, 1966. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1966.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. May 20, 1969: 13056.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Oct. 1, 1969: 27862.
_____. Senate Subcommittee on United States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad of the
Committee on Foreign Relations United States. United States Security Agreements and
Commitments Abroad: Republic of China. 91st Cong. 2nd Sess. Washington: US GPO, 1970.
_____. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee of Foreign Relations. The Impact of the War in
Southeast Asia. 91st Cong., 2nd Sess., April 15-16, 1970.
_____. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee of Foreign Relations. The Moral and Military Aspect
of the War in Southeast Asia. 91st Cong., May 1970. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1970.
_____. Senate. Resolution to Repeal Authorization for the Employment of Armed Forces for the
_____. House. Hearings Before Committee on Foreign Affairs. United States-China Relations: A
Strategy for the Future. 91st Cong., 2nd Sess. Sept. 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 29, and 30. Oct. 6,
1970. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1970.
_____. Senate. Resolution to Repeal Authorization for the Employment of Armed Forces for the
Protection of Formosa and the Pescadores. S. J. Res. 48. 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., 1971.
_____. Senate. Resolution Relative to a New United States-China Policy. S. Res. 18, 92nd Cong., 1st
Sess., 1971.
_____. Senate. Resolution to Express the Sense of the Senate Relative to Relations between the United
States and the People’s Republic of China. S. Res. 37. 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., 1971.
_____. Senate. Resolution Relating to the Representation in the United Nations of the People’s
Republic of China, S. Res. 139. 92nd Cong., Sess., 1971.
_____. Senate. Resolution to Express the Sense of the Senate Regarding the Policy of the United States
toward the Peoples’ Republic of China. S. Res. 82. 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., 1971.
_____. Senate. Executive Hearings Before the Committee of Foreign Relations. The Evolution of U.S.
Policy toward Mainland China. 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., July 21, 1971. Washington, D.C.: GPO,
1971.
_____. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee of Foreign Relations. United States Relations with the
People’s Republic of China. 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., June 24, 25, 28, 29, and July 20,
1971. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
_____. Senate Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations. China and the United States:
Today and Yesterday. 92nd Cong. 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972: 104.
_____. House. Impressions of the New China. 92nd Cong., 2nd Sess., June 23 to July 7,
1972,Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
_____. Senate. Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Relations with the
People’s Republic of China. 92nd Congress, 1st Sess., June 28, 1972. Washington, D.C.: GPO,
1972.
_____. China and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 2nd ed., 1973.
_____. Congressional Quarterly, China and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly Inc., 2nd ed., 1973: 28.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 19, 1974: 19986.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. June 21, 1974: 20459.
_____. “Fulbright’s Loss---and the Senate’s.” Congressional Record. Senate. June 27, 1974: 21480.
_____. Congressional Record. Senate. Dec. 18, 1974: 40790.
Elving, Ronald D. “Vietnam and the Voice of Dissent: Sen. Fulbright’s Televised Dissection of
LBJ’s Policy Brings Sentiment to Forefront of Public Debate.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report. Vol. 53, June 24, 1995: 1811-13.
Official Publications (Alphabetical arrangement)
Matloff, Maurice. U.S. Army in World War II, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-42 &
1943-44. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1944.
Matloff, Maurice. U.S. Army in World War II, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-42 &
1943-44. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1944.
The Board of Foreign Scholarships. International Educational Exchange: The Opening Decades, 1945-
1966. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO, 1966.
Clinton, Bill. Speech. Washington National Cathedral. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents,
Feb. 20, 1995, Vol. 31, No. 7: 258.
Department of Defense. History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons: July 1947
through September 1977. Washington: GPO, 1999.
Dulles, John Foster. “The Evolution of Foreign Policy.” U.S. Department of State Bulletin 30. Jan. 25,
1954: 107-10.
Harkness, Peter, and Buel Patch, et al., China and U.S. Far East Policy: 1945-1966. Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly Service, 1973.
Hilsman, Roger. “Redefinition of United States China Policy.” Department of State Bulletin. Jan. 6,
1964: 11-17.
Hurley, Patrick J. Telegram to Secretary of State. Feb. 7, 1945.
Johnson, Lyndon B. Speech. The University of Princeton, May 11, 1966.
Kennedy, John F. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1963.
Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1964.
Kubek, Anthony. The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China. Washington, D.C.:
Senate’s Internal Security Subcommittee. GPO, 1970.
Kerr, George. Letter to W. W. Butterworth, January 7, 1949.
_____. Memorandum. Division of Chinese Affairs of Dept. of State, January 14, 1949.
Niksch, Larry A. United States Policy toward China: A Chronology---1941-1971. Washington, D.C.:
Foreign Affairs Division, Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service, 1971.
Office of Strategic Service, OSS. Documentary Film Concerning Dixie Mission, 1944.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1947. Washington, D.C.: GPO,
1963.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. Washington, D.
C.: GPO, Vol. II, 1965: 927-32.
Public Papers of the President of the United States: Richard M. Nixon: Containing the Public
Messages Speeches, and Statements of the President. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971: 405-10.
United Nations Security Council, Official Records. 459th Meeting: 2.
United Nations Security Council. Official Records, 1950. Supplement for Jan. 1 through May 31, 1950,
Document S/1466:20; 22.
U.S. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, China. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1944
U.S. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States. 1948, Vol. 8, Part II: 526-23; Vol. 8, Part I:
146-55.
U.S. Dept. of State. American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955. Washington, D.C.: G PO, 1957.
U.S. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States. 1952-1954, Vol. 14: 146.
U.S. Dept. of State. United States Relations with China, With Special Reference to the Period 1944-
1949. Washington, D.C.: D.C.: Office of Public Affairs, 1949.
U.S. Dept. of State. U.S. Department of State Bulletin. Dec. 1955: 1101.
U.S. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers (1945): The Far East,
China. Vol. VII. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1969.
U.S. Dept. of State. Background Papers on Taiwan. July 3, 1971. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971.
Books (Alphabetical arrangement)
Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction. New York: Abelard-Schuman,
1957.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962-1972. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1989.
_____. Rise to Globalism. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
Ambrousius, Lloyd E. Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism during
World War I. Wilmington, Delaware: A Scholarly Resources Inc., 1991.
_____. Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1987.
Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London:
Verso, 1992.
Archer, Clive. International Organizations. London: Routledge, 1992.
Austin, Betty. J. William Fulbright: A Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Aydelotte, Frank. The American Rhodes Scholarships: A Review of the First Forty Years. Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1946.
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