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題名:文章的因果架構對不同年齡成人讀者理解表徵影響之研究
作者:陳明蕾
作者(外文):Chen, Ming-Lei
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:成人及繼續教育研究所
指導教授:胡夢鯨
曾玉村
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:因果架構閱讀表徵文本表徵情境模式高齡讀者閱讀理解causal structurereading representationtext-based representationsituation modelolder readerreading comprehension
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究旨在探討文章因果架構對不同年齡讀者離線與線上閱讀理解表徵之影響。離線閱讀表徵方面,採用自由回憶與閱讀測驗的資料,線上閱讀表徵方面,則採用放聲思考法蒐集讀者的口語原案,以檢視階層版與序列版對不同年齡成人閱讀表徵的影響,同時也探討年齡與因果關係間的交互作用情形。
實驗一旨在瞭解不同年齡成人閱讀四個階層版故事之離線閱讀表徵的差異情形。經由比較不同年齡讀者事後自由回憶之文本表徵與情境模式表徵,有三個主要發現:首先,年齡對讀者文本表徵的回憶量有影響,大學生的文本表徵回憶量高於高齡者;其次,故事中的因果架構,在調整標準計分方式後,對不同年齡讀者的文本表徵回憶量都有顯著的預測力;第三,年齡對讀者情境模式表徵的回憶量有影響,其影響情形是高齡者情境模式表徵的回憶量高於大學生。實驗二則進一步比較不同年齡成人閱讀階層版與序列版,其自由回憶量與閱讀測驗題表現的差異情形。首先,在自由回憶的表現上重複驗證實驗一之部份結果,包括年齡對讀者文本表徵回憶量的影響,以及新計分方式後之回憶組型。此外,發現年齡與因果架構對讀者文本表徵的影響有交互作用,其情形是高齡讀者閱讀階層版故事的文本表徵回憶量高於序列版故事,但是大學生閱讀階層版故事與序列版故事的回憶量沒有差異。至於年齡與因果架構對讀者情境模式表徵的影響則沒有交互作用,且年齡與因果架構對讀者情境模式表徵回憶量的影響也都沒有達到統計上的顯著水準。其次,從閱讀測驗的結果發現:年齡與因果架構對讀者文本表徵與情境模式表徵的影響沒有交互作用。而大學生不論閱讀哪一種版本,其文本表徵與情境模式表徵的答對率都高於高齡者;不同年齡讀者閱讀階層版故事,不論是文本表徵或情境模式表徵的答對率都高於序列版。
實驗三主要以放聲思考的方式蒐集不同年齡讀者閱讀階層版與序列版故事過程中之口語原案。結果發現:因果架構與年齡對讀者線上閱讀的時間、口語原案觸發總數、以及因果推論歷程的影響沒有交互作用。其中高齡者的閱讀時間及口語原案總數均顯著高於大學生,因果架構不會影響讀者的閱讀時間及口語原案總數。在因果推論的組型上則發現,年齡並未影響讀者針對目標事件一進行推論的次數,閱讀階層版故事時不同年齡讀者針對目標事件一進行推論的次數,都顯著高於序列版故事。此外,閱讀測驗的評量方式則進一步驗證放聲思考法對讀者離線閱讀表徵的影響情形,結果發現:在文本表徵的層次上,因果架構與年齡對讀者答對率的影響有交互作用,高齡讀者閱讀階層版故事的文本表徵答對率高於序列版故事,但是大學生閱讀階層版故事與序列版故事的答對率沒有差異。在情境模式表徵的層次上,因果架構與年齡對讀者答對率的影響沒有交互作用,因果架構對讀者的答對率有影響,讀者閱讀階層版故事的答對率高於序列版;年齡對讀者的答對率有影響,大學生的答對率高於高齡者的答對率。
綜合上述三個實驗的研究結果得知,文章因果結構高的故事不僅比文章因果結果低的故事更有利於大學生和高齡讀者在閱讀結束後建構出連貫性的閱讀表徵,也有利於讀者在閱讀過程中進行整體性的因果推論。此外,高齡讀者又比大學生更需要高度因果連貫性的故事,才能在閱讀結束後形成良好的閱讀表徵。
The purpose of present study was to investigate the influence of causal structure on younger and older adults’ construction of text-based and situation model representations during and after comprehending narrative texts. Three experiments were conducted to examine bellowing two hypothesis: First, older adults are lower than youngers to construct text-based representation but no difference in forming situation model between these two groups since older adults are sensitive to causal structure as well as youngers. Second, for young and old adults, a hierarchical causal structure of narratives would result in better text-based and situation model representations than sequential structures.
Experiment 1 found that older adults recalled fewer text-based events than youngers but more situation model events. This result indicated that older adults’ construction of the situation model is similar to younger readers. From both recall and comprehension test, Experiment 2 pointed out that older readers’ text-based representation was lower than youngers; however, olders were also sensitive to the causal structure and formed similar situation models as youngers did. The results of Experiment 3 showed that there were no differences of reading time and amount of thinking aloud protocol between these two age groups. However, the results of protocol showed that both of group readers generated more global causal inferences than sequential versions.
The overall results indicated that older and younger adults present the similar sensitivities to causal structure of narrative texts. In addition, older adults need higher causal coherent structure to produce coherent reading representations than youngers. Implications for the role of causal structure on older readers’ reading comprehension were discussed.
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