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題名:歐盟與美國訴諸WTO有關生技(GMO)產品貿易爭端案的衝突與解決
作者:吳又茗
作者(外文):Yo-ming Wu
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:歐洲研究所博士班
指導教授:蔡政文
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2010
主題關鍵詞:WTO爭端解決歐美貿易爭端基因改造新自由制度主義新現實主義國際典則WTO dispute settlementtrade disputeGMONeoliberalNeorealism
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在生物科技蓬勃發展下,歐盟對基因改造產品(GMO)採取嚴謹的審核政策,其部分會員國甚且對歐盟已核准的產品實施防衛措施禁止其進口。導致積極發展農業生技的美國,在拓展歐洲市場受阻後,將其與歐盟的貿易爭端訴諸WTO場域。歐盟與美國的基改GMO產品爭端案經世界貿易組織WTO爭端小組判決(2006年9月)歐盟敗訴,不應遲延美國GMO產品進入歐盟的申請案,歐洲人著重之環保與人權等「歐洲價值觀」是否因GMO爭端案歐盟的敗訴而備受挑戰?對基因改造生物科技安全疑慮,是否在美國與歐盟的GMO爭端案中,有進一步的科學証據得以釐清?2000年「卡塔赫納議定書(Cartagena Protocol) 」在生物科技潛在風險的風險管理概念中,正式將「預防原則」理念納入,歐盟據以引用遭WTO爭端小組裁決不適用,是否象徵WTO作為國際典則(international regime)的侷限性?又新自由制度論者將WTO評估為國際法制化程度最高的國際典則,而本爭端案的判決執行發展,是否應證其有效性?從歐盟部分會員國的主觀因素,不願解除GMO禁令是否會改變歐盟法規對各會員國的拘束力? 筆者提出三個假設: (1)歐盟會執行WTO的裁決;但會員國不一定遵行,易言之,新自由制度主義的運用有其缺陷;(2)在歐盟與WTO的互動中,新現實主義仍有其運用的有效性;(3)從歐盟在WTO爭端解決的判決案中,國際法制化的效力仍有斟酌之處。本文將驗證此三項假設。
Ever since the development of modern biotechnology, the EU has taken a more careful regulatory approach. The US, on the contrary, has largely adopted GMOs in agriculture. Thus differences of regulation and acceptance of GMOs between the US and the EU has led to a crucial trade dispute in the WTO framework. The European population is not fond of GMO products. Following the adoption of the WTO panel report on 21 November 2006, the three complainants (US, Canada and Argentina) and the EU agreed to engage in constructive discussions on the implementation of the WTO panel report. Following the expiry of the extended WTO panel report, the US decided to request the authorization to retaliate against the EU. However, the US and the EU reached a procedural agreement according to which arbitration on the level of the retaliation would be suspended until such time as a compliance panel would rule on the issue.
However, member States of EU have invoked the safeguard clause, banning various authorized GMOs from their territory. This paper analyzes the decision-making dynamics that led to such an outcome. It argues that the external pressures on the Member States and the Commission prevented deliberation and consensual solutions. Furthermore, the conflict between states and Commission is a testimony of the debates in International relations (IR) theory that the controversial issues between the neo-realists and the neo-liberals have defended their arguments. Neo-liberal institutionalism (NLI), with inter-disciplinary research, provides a different approach for us to understand international realities. As Robert O. Keohane suggests, NLI places more emphasis on ideas, rules, beliefs, and practice of international region such as WTO than Neorealist do. This article also would like to research the empirical evidence by building up relative ideas concerning global governance, legalization, practices and norms in WTO framework.
中文文獻
(一) 書籍
1.牛惠之(2005),《WTO時代下基因改造食品之管理及相關國際法規問題之研究,行政院衛生署出版。
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3.蔡政文(2005),《國際關係理論及其適用—台灣在全球化趨勢下的世界、區域與國家建構》,全球化趨勢下的世界、區域與國家建構研討會出版。
4.牛惠之(2005),「WTO之SPS協定對於科學證據要求之研究(III) 歐盟生技產品案之研析」,行政院衛生署出版。
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(二)期刊論文
1.呂斯文(2005),「歐盟基因改造生物及其產品之技術指導綱領簡介」,《農情與農政期刊》,第155期,農委會國際處出版。167-170頁。
2.翁秀綾(1997),「令人不安的基因操作食品」《生活者主張》No.34,35.11-12
3.郭華仁(2009)、吳東傑, 「基改作物仍應謹慎應對」, 台灣經濟研究院生物科技產業研究中心出版。
4.行政院衛生署公告,「行政院衛生署基因改造食品審議委員會設置要點」,九十二年。
5.李素華(2004),「各國 GM 管理法規及比較—以美國、加拿大、歐盟、德國及我國為中心」,載於基因改造議題講座:從紛爭展望。
6.林彩瑜,〈從歐體生技產品爭端之裁決論SPS 協定對GMO 規範之影響〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第36 卷,第4 期,頁257-323。
7.許耀明(2007),「從WTO 生技產品案爭端解決小組報告看GMO 國際貿易中國際貿易法與國際環境法之衝突與解決可能」,《科技法學評論》,4 卷1 期,2007 年4 月,頁225-266
8.黃慧嫻(2008),「奧地利全面實施GMO禁令可能使歐盟面臨WTO制裁」,《生技醫材報導》。
9.廖唯寰(2008) ,曾大川, “歐盟-生技產品案之後續追蹤”,經貿法訊77期,12月。

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WTO英文網站
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9.美國國際商會 http://www.americamember.org/usa/agriculture.htm

名詞中英對照
世界衛生組織(World Health Organization, WHO)
卡特赫那議定書(Cartagena Protocol)
地球之友(Friends of the Earth Europe)
有機貿易協會(The Organic Trade Association)
爭端解決規則與程序了解書(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, DSU)
科學家關懷聯盟(the Union of Concerned Scientists)
美國國家研究委員會(U.S. National Research Council)
美國國家科學院(U.S. National Academy of Science)
食物與飲水監管聯盟(Food and Water Watch)
食品藥物局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)
消費者聯盟(Consumers Union)
歐洲食品安全管理局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)
歐盟初審法院(The Court of First Instance, CFI)
歐盟食品和飲料業聯盟(the Confederation of EU Food and Drink Industries, CIAA)
聯合國世界農糧組織(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)及經濟合作暨發展組織(Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, OECD)


 
 
 
 
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