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題名：影響台灣家計單位運動參與行為之經濟因素
作者：許伯陽
作者(外文)：Po-Yang Hsu
校院名稱：國立體育大學
系所名稱：體育研究所
指導教授：高俊雄
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2010
主題關鍵詞：家計單位；運動參與行為；時間配置；經濟決策；Heckman二階段選擇；households；sport participation behavior；time allocation；economic determinants；Heckman two-stage selection
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運動參與行為是個人的內生性偏好以及外在的家庭與社會環境影響，所共同形成的行為決策。在影響的因素中，經濟因素一直是被忽略的議題，而包含時間配置因素的研究更是付之闕如。在我們的人生中，時間和所得是有限的，從經濟學的角度去配置有限的時間和所得去獲得終生最大的快樂，它提供一個有效觀察運動參與行為的觀點。因此，本研究試圖運用經濟理論的角度去分析運動參與的行為決策。另外，個人行為受家庭因素影響，運動參與行為除了受個人的經濟因素影響之外，也深受家計單位的經濟因素影響，在探討個人運動參與的經濟決策行為，不能切割家計單位的影響。
在模式的建構上，本研究運動參與行為的模式延續Cawley (2004) 時間配置SLOTH模式以及趙弘靜（2002）的家戶休閒時間模式。SLOTH模式是假定在時間、所得和生理的限制下，個人尋找最大的效用分配，而家戶休閒時間模式是假定夫妻是家庭的經濟來源，是家計單位的主要決策者，家戶成員的休閒時間受其支配下，尋找個人最大的效用分配。
本研究假設所得、價格、偏好、時間配置與家戶概念共同形成個人的運動參與決策，為了驗證本研究建構的模式，本研究以自製問卷對台灣居民的運動參與人口進行抽樣調查，共分析有效問卷3068份，分析工具包括Heckman二階段估計法、logit迴歸式以及OLS迴歸式估計模型。
研究結果發現，個人的運動參與行為，除了決定在所得、價格與偏好之外，也加入時間配置與家戶決策的經濟概念。其次，本研究認為，個人的運動參與行為，與家庭密不可分，家庭取代個人，成為決策單位。最後，市場工作以及休閒活動間，係非呈一對一的對應變動關係，其中應尚有家務工作的變動。
綜合上述研究結果，本研究提出對於政府運動政策的建議，包括以家庭為中心的運動政策，以及家務工作市場化的婦女運動政策。未來研究方向加強運動偏好、Panel資料與大量資料的研究。
Human sport participation behavior often resulted from a psycho-economical interaction of the individual’s endogenous preferences and the social context into which he is embedded. It might demand the hardest decision making process. Among the influencing factors, the economic ones had long been underestimated, especially those in regard with one’s policy of time and budget allotment. How one allocated time and budget was definitely an economic issue. It usually dawned on the reviewers some of the highest insights in the study of sport participation behavior because it meant to examine how people fully use their scarce resources of time and budget to enhance their lifetime happiness. So we resort to certain economic theories for a solid interpretation of sport participation behavior. The purpose of this study was to make a formula for the economic determinants of sport participation behavior in Taiwan households.
Sport participation model of this study was an extension of the Cawley (2004) SLOTH framework of time allocation and the Zhao (2002) Household Leisure Time model (HLT). SLOTH model assumed that individuals sought to maximize their efficiency with the assorted constraints of time, budget, and physique. HLT model assumed that husband and wife were the main decision makers in a household, from whom the family income often came. With their resources determined by the nucleus couple, the rest of the household members could only eke out their scanty quota of decision making. So we used the HLT model of Zhao (2002). In this study, we combined these two models to construct the economic determinants of sport participation behavior in Taiwan households.
The hypothesis of this study was that individual economic determinants in sport participation included income, price, preference, time allocation and household consensus. In order to test the model, this study had resource to self-questionnaires to assess the sport participation ratio among the Taiwanese residents; 3068 questionnaires were analyzed and interpreted with the statistical tools including the Heckman two-stage selection, logit regression and OLS regression estimation model.
The results showed that the individual sport participation behavior in Taiwan found its prevalent determinants not just in income, expense and preference, but also in time allocation and household mindset. Secondly, this study suggested that sport participation behavior of the individuals was inseparable from that of the family, which had superseded the individuals as the core decision-making unit. Finally, market trend and leisure activity modes were not the only correlatives, domestic chore and its labor demand should be included.
The aforesaid findings constitute a study, and a recommendation proposal, for the government’s sport policy, including family-centered sports policy and the women sport policy of market-oriented domestic work. The future research was to enhance sport preference study, panel study and larger data study.
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