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題名:社會化、倡議、權力與全球環境治理:臭氧層耗損與全球暖化之研究
作者:林文謙
作者(外文):Wun-Cian Lin
校院名稱:東海大學
系所名稱:政治學系
指導教授:傅恆德
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:全球環境治理國際社會化跨國倡議網絡權力臭氧層耗損全球暖化氣候變遷Global Environmental GovernanceInternational SocializationTransnational Advocacy NetworkPowerOzone Layer DepletionGlobal WarmingClimate Change
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近年來,國際關係領域對全球環境治理(Global Environmental Governance)的關注度逐漸提升。為了深入了解環境議題的全球治理內涵,這本論文針對以下三個主題進行探討:一,全球環境治理網絡的演進過程;二,環境治理成效的阻礙因素;以及三,國際合作理論在環境議題上的解釋能力。
研究發現:首先,本論文綜合國際社會化、跨國倡議網絡、及權力等途徑的論點,進而提出社會化倡議歷程分析架構來解釋環境治理網絡的擴展脈絡。此歷程包括問題與規範塑造、國際制度構建、內化、反饋與擴散、及再回饋等五個階段。其次,在環境治理的社會化過程中,國家的內化情況會影響到治理網絡的管制成效。為了評估環境議題的內化情況,本文提出公式來計算每個案例的內化係數。再者,透過臭氧層耗損和地球暖化案例的比較,本文發現阻礙暖化治理成效的因素包括:國家的環境管制意願、內化情況、權力互動、科學不確定性、制度設計、大國、制度性的負向反饋等。最後,傳統國際合作理論無法為環境治理的變遷過程及行為者的互動提供完整詮釋,而社會化倡議歷程分析架構除了能夠改善此一不足,更可以增進整體的解釋能力。
In more recent years, within the field of International Relations, there has been an increasing interest in Global Environmental Governance. In order to deepen our understanding about the essence of environmental governance, this dissertation investigates three topics: the evolution process of global environmental governance network; the factors which prevent the efficacy of environmental governance; and the explanation capacity of international cooperation theories in environmental issues.
Research findings: First, through the Socialization-Advocacy Process Analysis Framework, we explain the expanding discourse on global environmental governance. This process consists of the five stages below: the problems and norms shaping, international institution construction, internalization, feedback and proliferation, and lastly, re-feedback. Second, under the socialization process of environmental governance, the internalized condition of states affected the regulatory efficacy of governance network. For the purpose to evaluate the internalized condition on environmental issues, this dissertation suggests a formula to calculate the coefficient of internalization in each case. Third, after comparing the ozone layer depletion to global warming, we find out the factors that prevent the efficacy of global warming governance, they are as following: state’s willingness to regulation, internalized situation, power interaction, scientific uncertainty, institutional design, major powers, and institutional negative re-feedback. Finally, due to traditional international relations theories cannot completely explain the evolution process and the actor’s interaction in global environmental governance, the socialization-advocacy process analysis framework can overcome the shortcoming mentioned above, at the same time, can also improve the overall explanatory power.
壹、中文部分

一、書籍

袁鶴齡,2004,《全球化世界的治理》。台中:若水堂。
曹俊漢,2009,《全球化與全球治理:理論發展的建構與詮釋》。台北:韋伯。

二、期刊

李河清,2004,<知識社群與全球氣候談判>,《問題與研究》,第43卷,第6期,頁73-102。
林子倫,2008,<台灣氣候變遷政策之論述分析>,《公共行政學報》,第28期,頁153-175。
林文謙,2009,<企業與環境第三部門:海洋管理委員會之研究>,《政策研究學報》,第9期,頁21-45。
___,2011,<經濟發展與環境永續:東南亞霾害治理之困境與展望>,《亞太研究通訊》,第9期,頁59-86。
___,2011,<全球環境治理與國內政治之互動:以ICCAT削減台灣大目鮪配額案為例>,《政治科學論叢》,第50期,頁141-180。
紀駿傑、蕭新煌,2003,<當前臺灣環境正義的社會基礎>,《國家政策季刊》,第2卷,第3期,頁169-179。
陳世榮,2007,<探究環境治理中的知識溝通:台灣氣候變遷研究的網絡分析>,《公共行政學報》,第25期,頁1-30。
黃之棟,2011,<環境種族主義科學化的隱憂:以美國聯邦法院涉及種族歧視的判決為例>,《國家發展研究》,第11卷,第1期,頁131-170。
黃之棟、黃瑞祺,2009,<環境正義的經濟向度:環境正義與經濟分析必不相容?>,《國家與社會》,第6期,頁51-102。

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Mann, Michael E., Raymond S. Bradley, and Malcolm K. Hughes, 1998, “Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the Past Six Centuries,” Nature, Vol. 392, No. 6678, pp. 779-787.
________, 1999, “Northern Hemisphere Temperature during the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations,” Geophysical Research Letter, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 759-762.
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Maugh, Thomas H., II, 1976, “The Ozone Layer: The Threat from Aerosol Cans Is Real,” Nature, Vol. 194, No. 4261, pp. 170-172.
McIntyre, Stephen, and Ross McKitrick, 2003, “Corrections to the Mann et. al. (1998) Procy Data Base and Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series,” Energy & Environment, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 751-771.
Meadows, Dennis L., and Jorgen Randers, 1972, “Adding the Time Dimension to Environmental Policy,” International Organization, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 213-233.
Mearsheimer, John J., 1994, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 5-49.
Meyer, John W., David John Frank, Ann Hironaka, Evan Schofer, and Nancy Brandon Tuma, 1997, “The Structuring of a World Environmental Regime, 1870-1990,” International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 623-651.
Molina, Mario J., and Frank Sherwood Rowland, 1974, “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone,” Nature, Vol. 249, No. 5460, pp. 810-812.
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Nature, 1913, “The Origin of Climatic Changes,” Nature, Vol. 92, No. 2304, pp. 479-480.
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Newell, Peter, and Matthew Paterson, 1996, “From Geneva to Kyoto: The Second Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change” Environmental Politics, Vol.5, No.4, pp.729-735.
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Nordhaus, William D., 1977, “Economic Growth and Climate: The Carbon Dioxide Problem,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 341-346.
Norton, Bryan G., 1998, “Improving Ecological Communication: The Role of Ecologists in Environmental Policy Formation,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 350-364.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr., 1990, “Soft Power,” Foreign Policy, Issue 80, pp. 153-171.
________, 1990, “The Changing Nature of World Power,” Political Science Quarterly, Issue 80, pp. 177-192.
Paavola, Jouni, 2005, “Seeking Justice: International Environmental Governance and Climate Change,” Globalizations, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 309-322.
Park, Susan, 2005, “How Transnational Environmental Advocacy Networks Socialize International Financial Institutions: A Case Study of the International Finance Corporation,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 95-119.
Parnreiter, Christof, 2010, “Global Cities in Global Commodity Chains: Exploring the Role of Mexico City in the Geography of Global Economic Governance,” Global Networks, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 35-53.
Peck, Rechard, 1979, “Socialization of Permanent Representatives in the United Nations: Some Evidence,” International Organization, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 365-390.
Pidgeon, Nick, and Baruch Fischhoff, 2011, “The Role of Social and Decision Sciences in Communicating Uncertain Climate Risks,” Nature Climate Change, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 35-41.
Plass, Gilbert N., 1956, “Carbon Dioxide and the Climate,” American Scientist, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 302-316.
Poole, Kenyon E., 1947, “National Economic Policies and International Monetary Cooperation,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 369-375.
Potter, David, 1994, “Assessing Japan's Environmental Aid Policy,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 200-215.
Potter, Pitman B., 1935, “Progress in International Cooperation,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 377-404.
Pouillet, Claude S. M., 1838, “Mémoire su la chaleur solaire, sur les pouvoirs rayonnants et absorbants de l'air atmosphérique, et sur les températures de l'espace,” Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 24-65.
Pye, Lucian W., 1959, “Political Modernization and Research on the Process of Political Socialization,” Items, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 25-28.
Ramanathan, V., 1975, “Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons,” Science, Vol. 190, No. 4209, pp. 50-52.
Robock, Alan, R. Etkins, and E. Epstein, 1983, “Global Mean Sea Level: Indicator of Climate Change?” Science, Vol. 219, No. 4587, pp. 996-998.
Rosenau, James N., 1995, “Governance in the Twenty-First Century,” Global Governance, Vol. 1, pp. 13-43.
Rovensky, John E., 1919, “Cooperation in International Banking,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 83, pp. 179-185.
Ruggie, John Gerard, 1982, “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,” International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 379-415.
Runge, Carlisle Ford, 1984, “Institutions and the Free Rider: The Assurance Problem in Collective Action,” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 154-181.
Sage, George H., 1999, “Justice Do It! The Nike Transnational Network: Organization, Collective Actions, and Outcomes,” Sociology of Sport Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 206-235.
Schimmelfenning, Frank, 2000, “International Socialization in the New Europe: Rational Action in an Institutional Environment,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 109-139.
________, 2001, “The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union,” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 47-80.
________, 2003, “Strategic Action in a Community Environment: The Decision to Enlarge the European Union to the East,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 36 No. 1/2, pp. 156-183.
________, 2005, “Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe,” International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 827-860.
Schneider, Stephen H., and Clifford Mass, 1975, “Volcanic Dust, Sunspots, and Temperature Trends,” Science, Vol. 190, No. 4216, pp. 741-746.
Schuster, Arthur, 1913, “International Cooperation in Research,” Science, Vol. 37, No. 958, pp. 691-701.
Science News of the Week, 1971, “Man's Impact on Climate: What Is Ahead?” Science News, Vol. 100, No. 5, p. 73.
Sebenius, James K., 1992, “Challenging Conventional Explanations of International Cooperation: Negotiation Analysis and the Case of Epistemic Communities,” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 323-365.
Seckinelgin, Hakan, 2005, “A Global Disease and Its Governance: HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Agency of NGOs,” Global Governance, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 351-368.
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Shawki, Noha, 2010, “Political Opportunity Structures and the Outcomes of Transnational Campaigns: A Comparison of Two Transnational Advocacy Networks,” Peace and Change, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 381-411.
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Sikkink, Kathryn, 1993, “Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America,” International Organization, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 411-441.
Singh, R. B., 1991, “Conference News: Bergen Conference on Sustainable Development,” International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 37, pp. 121-129.
Snidal, Duncan, 1985, “Coordination versus Prisoners' Dilemma: Implications for International Cooperation and Regimes,” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 923-942.
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Solomon, Susan, Rolando R. Garcia, F. Sherwood Rowland, and Donald J. Wuebbles, 1986, “On the Depletion of Antarctic Ozone,” Nature, Vol. 321, No. 6072, pp. 755-758.
Sperling, Valerie, Myra Marx Ferree, and Barbara Risman, 2001, “Constructing Global Feminism: Transnational Advocacy Networks and Russian Women’s Activism,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 1155-1186.
Sprinz, Detlef, and Tapani Vaahtoranta, 1994, “The Interest-Based Explanation of International Environmental Policy,” International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 77-105.
Stafford, Edwin R., and Cathy L. Hartman, 1996, “Green Alliances: Strategic Relations between Businesses and Environmental Groups,” Business Horizons, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 50-59.
Stamatov, Peter, 2010, “Activist Religion, Empire, and the Emergence of Modern Long-Distance Advocacy Networks,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 607-628.
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Stein, Arthur A., 1982, “Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World,” International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 299-324.
Stoker, Gerry, 1998, “Governance as Theory: Five Propositions,” International Social Science Journal, Vol. 50, Issue 155, pp. 17-28.
Stolarsk, Richard S., and Ralph J. Cicerone, 1974, “Stratospheric Chlorine: A Possible Sink for Ozone,” Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 52, No. 8, pp. 1610-1615.
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________, 1994, “Wake Up, Krasner! The World has Changed,” Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 209-220.
________, 1995, “The Defective State,” Daedalus, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 55-74.
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The Netherlands, 1989, “Hague Declaration on the Environment,” International Legal Materials, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 1308-1310.
Tuck, A. F., R. T. Watson, E. P. Condon, J. J. Margitan, and O. B. Toon, 1989, “The Planning and Execution of ER-2 and DC-8 Aircraft Flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. D9, pp. 11181-11222.
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Wagner, R. Harrison, 1983, “The Theory of Games and the Problem of International Cooperation,” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 330-346.
Waltz, Kenneth N., 1999, “Globalization and Governance,” PS: Political Science & Politics, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 693-700.
Warkotsch, Alexander, 2007, “International Socialization in Difficult Environments: The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Central Asia,” Democratization, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 491-508.
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Wendt, Alexander, 1992, “Anarchy is what States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 391-425.
________, 1994, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State,” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 384-396.
Whalley, John, and Ben Zissimos, 2001, “What could a World Environmental Organization do?” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 29-34.
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Zürn, Michael, and Jeffrey T. Checkel, 2005, “Getting Socialized to Build Bridges: Constructivism and Rationalism, Europe and the Nation-State,” International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 1045-1079.

(III) Newspapers

Alexander, George, February 14, 1979, “Carbon Dioxide Climate Change Debated,” Los Angeles Times, B16.
________, February 19, 1979, “Somber Scientists Study Climate Changes,” Los Angeles Times, A14.
Altman, Lawrence K., December 15, 1976, “Environmental Group Contends Fluorocarbon Refrigerant Poses Wide Threat,” The New York Times, p. 48.
Alvarez, Lizette, March 18, 2001, “Industry Has Powerful Allies on Drilling Bill,” The New York Times, p. 14.
Andrews, Edmund L., July 16, 2001, “Frustrated Europeans Set to Battle U.S. on Climate,” The New York Times, A3.
Atkinson, Rick, March 31, 1995, “Hot Politics of Global Warming,” The Washington Post, A35.
Atlas, Terry, and R. C. Longworth, July 17, 1989, “Summit Ends with Pledge on Environment,” Chicago Tribune, p. 1.
Auten, Ian, December 13, 2011, “Canada Announces Exit from Kyoto Climate Treaty,” The New York Times, p. 15.
Barnett, Richard, November 16, 1986, “The U.S. Can't Do the Job All Alone,” The New York Times, F2.
Barringer, Felicity, and Matthew Wald, May 10, 2005, “G.E. Chief Urges U.S. to Adopt Clearer Energy Policy,” The New York Times, C2.
Berke, Richard L., December 14, 1997, “Clinton Can Now Sing, Me and My Shadow President,” The New York Times, p. 152.
Broder, John M., and James Kanter, December 15, 2009, “China and U.S. Hit Strident Impasse at Climate Talks,” The New York Times, A1.
Broder, John M., and Nick Cumming-Bruce, November 29, 2012, “U.N. Climate Change Meeting Opens to New Warnings About Rising Temperatures,” The New York Times, p. 16.
Broder, John M., December 2, 1997, “Gore to Join U.S. Team at Global Climate Conference in Japan,” The New York Times, A10.
________, November 28, 2011, “At Meeting on Climate Change, Urgent Issues but Low Expectations,” The New York Times, p. 8.
________, December 6, 2012, “At Climate Talks, a Struggle Over Aid for Poorer Nations,” The New York Times, p. 12.
________, December 9, 2012, “Climate Talks Yield Commitment to Ambitious, but Unclear, Actions” The New York Times, p. 13.
Chicago Tribune, February 6, 1970, “Take Your Choice,” Chicago Tribune, p. 12.
________, October 15, 1975, “Climate Change seen in Growing Fuel Use,” Chicago Tribune, p. 7.
________, September 1, 1989, “U.S. Assigns Priorities for Environment,” Chicago Tribune, p. 8.
Christian, Shirley, September 22, 1987, “Pilots Fly over the Pole into Heart of Ozone Mystery,” The New York Times, C1.
Clark, Hoyt, December 6, 2009, “Stolen E-Mail, Stoking the Climate Debate,” The New York Times, WK10.
Cody, Edward, March 12, 1989, “Global Environmental Power Sought,” The Washington Post, A27.
Cooper, Helene, and Andrew Revkin, May 26, 2007, “U.S. Rebuffs Germany on Greenhouse Gas Cuts,” The New York Times, A3.
Cushman, John H., Jr., October 19, 1993, “Clinton Urging Voluntary Goals on Air Pollution,” The New York Times, A23.
________, December 7, 1997, “Intense Lobbying Against Global Warming Treaty,” The New York Times, p. 28.
________, April 26, 1998, “Industrial Group Plans to Battle Climate Treaty,” The New York Times, p. 1.
Du Pont, June 30, 1975, “The Ozone Layer vs. the Aerosol Industry: Du Pont wants to See them both Survive,” The New York Times, p. 30.
________, October 1, 1975, “You want the Ozone Question Answered One Way or the other? So does Du Pont,” The New York Times, p. 21.
Eckholm, Erik, June 15, 2001, “China Said to Sharply Reduce Emissions of Carbon Dioxide,” The New York Times, A1.
Edson, Lee, December 21, 1975, “Not with a Bang but a Pfffft?” The New York Times, p. 215.
Frankel, Glenn, November 8, 1989, “Nations Pass Resolution on Environment,” The Washington Post, A33.
Freeman, Alan, September 17, 1987, “Nations Sign Pact to Protect Ozone Layer by Reducing CFCs Output,” Wall Street Journal, p. 1.
French, Howard W., June 5, 2002, “Japan Ratifies Global Warming Pact, and Urges U.S. Backing,” The New York Times, A5.
Goldbaum, Ellen, David Hunter, Conrad B. MacKerron, and Shota Ushio, September 30, 1987, “A Treaty to Ground CFCs May Push Prices Upward,” Chemical Week, p. 6.
Goodstein, Laurie, February 8, 2006, “Evangelical Leaders Join Global Warming Initiative,” The New York Times, A12.
Gorner, Peter, January 8, 1989, “Greenhouse Effect is a Clouded Issue,” Chicago Tribune, p. 23.
________, January 15, 1989, “Greenhouse Effect Worries May be Blooming Too Soon,” Chicago Tribune, D1.
Goshko, John M., January 31, 1989, “Baker Urges Steps on Global Warming,” The Washington Post, A6.
Graham, William R., May 31, 1970, “Mystery of Climate: Man Tinkers With Survival,” Los Angeles Times, L1.
Guilford, Peter, and Michael McCarthy, June 1, 1990, “Brussels May Use Carbon Tax to Force UK into Line,” The Times, p. 2.
Hansen, James E., February 11, 1989, “I'm Not Being an Alarmist about the Greenhouse Effect,” The Washington Post, A23.
Hicks, Jonathan, September 17, 1987, “Chemical Industry Sees Rush to Invent Safer Alternatives,” The New York Times, A12.
Hilts, Philip J., January 27, 1989, “No Global Warming Seen in 96 Years of U.S. Data,” The Washington Post, A3.
Hines, Nico, December 13, 2011, “Canadians Pull Out of Kyoto Climate Deal,” The Times, p. 30.
Hoffman, David, April 20, 1990, “Bush Struggles for 'Balance' Between 2 Sharp Edges,” The Washington Post, A1.
Jehl, Douglas, March 14, 2001, “Bush, in Reversal, Won't Seek Cut in Emissions of Carbon Dioxide,” The New York Times, A1.
Kamm, Henry, February 26, 1987, “30 Nations Meet on Rules to Protect Ozone Layer,” The New York Times, A7.
________, February 28, 1987, “U.S. Blames Europe for Lack Of Ozone-Protection Accord,” The New York Times, p, 2.
Kotulak, Ronald, July 1, 1988, “Greenhouse Effect Spurs Global Fears,” Chicago Tribune, p. 16.
Krauss, Clifford, and Jad Mouawad, February 12, 2009, “Oil Industry Is Stressing Cooperation on Climate,” The New York Times, B3.
Landler, Mark, and Judy Dempsey, June 8, 2007, “U.S. Compromise on Global Warming Plan Averts Impasse at Group of 8 Meeting,” The New York Times, A10.
Landler, Mark, October 21, 1986, “Polar Ozone Hole May Occur Elsewhere,” Los Angeles Times, A4.
Lee, Gary, October 18, 1993, “Clinton Sets Plan to Cut Emissions,” The Washington Post, A1.
________, March 21, 1996, “Industry Funds Global-Warming Skeptics,” The Washington Post, A8.
Lewis, Paul, March 3, 1992, “U.N. Opens Environment Talks; Europe Spurs U.S. to Act Urgently,” The New York Times, A1.
________, March 17, 1994, “Rich Nations Plan $2 Billion for Environment,” The New York Times, A7.
Longworth, R. C., March 7, 1989, “Global Accord on Ozone Stalled,” Chicago Tribune, p. 4.
Los Angeles Times, January 15, 1970, “Is Mankind Manufacturing a New Ice Age for Itself?” Los Angeles Times, C7.
________, September 16, 1987, “U.S.-Europe Compromise Leads to Ozone Pact,” Los Angeles Times, B15.
Marcus, Ruth, April 22, 1993, “U.S. to Sign Earth Pact: Clinton Also Backs Emissions Targets,” The Washington Post, A1.
Matthews, Robert, January 26, 1988, “Now the Race is on to Limit Damage to the Ozone Layer,” The Times, p. 2.
Maylie, Devon, November 29, 2011, “Climate Talks Open Amid Funding Spat,” Wall Street Journal, p. 1.
McCarthy, Michael, and Michael Dynes, March 3, 1989, “Total Ban on CFCs to Save Ozone Layer,” The Times, p. 2.
McCarthy, Michael, January 11, 1989, “Supermarket Chain to Take on a Green Tinge,” The Times, p. 1.
________, March 22, 1990, “Patten Heading for Pollution Dispute with EC,” The Times, p. 2.
________, May 16, 1990, “US Fears Over Cost of Global Warming,” The Times, p. 2.
________, May 24, 1990, “Britain Sets Its Target for CO2 Emission,” The Times, p. 3.
________, June 8, 1990, “EC Avoids Split over Greenhouse Gases,” The Times, p. 1.
________, October 29, 1990, “Decision Day over Global Warming Dispute with EC,” The Times, p. 2.
________, October 30, 1990, “EC Pact on Global Warming,” The Times, p. 1.
________, October 30, 1990, “UK Benefits in EC Deal to Tackle Global Warming,” The Times, p. 2.
________, November 8, 1990, “World Agreement to Fight Warming,” The Times, p. 1.
Michaels, Patrick, January 8, 1989, “The Greenhouse Climate of Fear,” The Washington Post, C3.
Modiano, Mario, October 3, 1988, “EEC Seeks Urgent Action on Ozone,” The Times, p. 2.
Montgomery, Paul L., November 7, 1989, “U.S. and Japan Refuse Curbs on Carbon Dioxide,” The New York Times, A12.
Mouawad, Jad, March 30, 2006, “The New Face Of an Oil Giant,” The New York Times, C1.
Myers, Steven Lee, October 23, 2004, “Russia's Lower House Approves Kyoto Treaty on Emissions,” The New York Times, A2.
Nertter, Thomas W., May 1, 1987, “U.N. Parley Agrees to Protect Ozone,” The New York Times, A1.
Nicholson, David, March 21, 1988, “Why the Greens are Growing,” The Times, p. 3.
O'Toole, Thomas, December 12, 1974, “Ozone Shield Is Shrinking: Congress Urged to Provide Funds for Study,” The Washington Post, B14.
________, December 13, 1974, “Freon Maker Opposes Ban,” The Washington Post, A3.
________, February 18, 1978, “Climate Experts See a Warming Trend,” The Washington Post, A4.
Peterson, Cass, September 17, 1986, “Chlorofluorocarbon Group Supports Production Curbs,” The Washington Post, A26.
________, October 21, 1986, “Antarctica's Ozone Hole Keeps Scientists Puzzled: Expedition Fails to Confirm Theories,” The Washington Post, A3.
________, March 25, 1988, “Ban on CFCs Urged to Save Ozone Shield,” The Washington Post, A1.
Phillips, Braden, September 18, 2006, “Paying the Freight for Polluting the Air: Europe Takes the Lead,” The New York Times, p. 8.
Pomerance, Rafe, June 8, 1980, “Coal Must Not Become King,” The Jerusalem Post, p. 14.
Revkin, Andrew C., September 29, 2000, “Senators Doubt Progress on Global Warming Plan,” The New York Times, A22.
________, October 18, 2000, “7 Companies Agree to Cut Gas Emissions,” The New York Times, C1.
________, March 10, 2001, “Despite Opposition in Party, Bush to Seek Emissions Cuts,” The New York Times, A1.
________, June 11, 2001, “U.S. Losing Status as a World Leader in Climate Science,” The New York Times, A1.
________, July 24, 2001, “178 Nations Reach a Climate Accord, U.S. Only Looks on,” The New York Times, A1.
________, August 1, 2001, “Some Energy Executives Urge U.S. Shift on Global Warming,” The New York Times, C1.
________, November 28, 2009, “Hacked E-Mail Data Prompts Calls for Changes in Climate Research,” The New York Times, A8.
Roth, Rhys, September 20, 1995, “Energy Industry Has Friends in Congress,” The New York Times, A20.
Schmeck, Harold M., Jr., April 30, 1970, “Scientist Sees Man's Activities Ruling Climate by 2000,” The New York Times, p. 46.
________, September 14, 1976, “Scientists Back New Aerosol Curbs To Protect Ozone in Atmosphere,” The New York Times, p. 81.
Shabecoff, Philip, December 7, 1986, “Consensus on the Threat to the Ozone,” The New York Times, E28.
________, September 15, 1987, “Ozone Treaty Nears, but Obstacles Remain,” The New York Times, C1.
________, October 1, 1987, “Antarctica Ozone Loss is Worst Ever Recorded,” The New York Times, A1.
________, March 21, 1988, “Industry Acts to Save Ozone,” The New York Times, A1.
________, June 24, 1988, “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate,” The New York Times, A14.
________, June 28, 1988, “Norway and Canada Call for Pact to Protect Atmosphere,” The New York Times, C4.
________, July 1, 1988, “Parley Urges Quick Action to Protect Atmosphere,” The New York Times, A3.
________, September 27, 1988, “EPA Chief Asks Total Ban on Ozone-Harming Chemicals,” The New York Times, A20.
________, December 17, 1988, “Ozone Pact goes into Effect,” The New York Times, p. 4.
________, January 26, 1989, “U.S. Data Since 1895 Fail To Show Warming Trend,” The New York Times, A1.
________, March 14, 1989, “E.P.A. Proposes Rules to Curb Warming,” The New York Times, C7.
________, May 8, 1989, “Scientist Says Budget Office Altered His Testimony,” The New York Times, A1.
________, May 10, 1989, “White House Says Bush Will Call Meeting About Global Warming,” The New York Times, B6.
________, May 12, 1989, “U.S., in a Shift, Seeks Treaty on Global Warming,” The New York Times, A1.
________, May 13, 1989, “E.P.A. Chief Says Bush will not Rush into a Treaty on Global Warming,” The New York Times, p. 9.
Sheppard, Nathaniel, Jr., May 9, 1989, “Scientist Defends Warmup Alarm,” Chicago Tribune, p. 3.
Simons, Matlise, November 8, 1990, “U.S. View Prevails at Climate Parley,” The New York Times, A9.
Special to The New York Times, December 2, 1986, “Action Urged on Ozone,” The New York Times, C11.
________, April 28, 1987, “U.N. Panel Urges Steps For Preserving Ozone,” The New York Times, A3.
Stall, Bill, January 14, 1981, “Quick Action on Greenhouse Effect Urged,” Los Angeles Times, B11.
Stevens, William K., September 10, 1991, “At Meeting on Global Warming, U.S. Stands Alone,” The New York Times, C1.
________, May 10, 1992, “143 Lands Adopt Treaty to Cut Emission of Gases,” The New York Times, p. 14.
________, August 5, 1997, “Industries Revisit Global Warming,” The New York Times, A1.
Stolberg, Sheryl, June 1, 2007, “Bush Proposes Goal to Reduce Greenhouse Gas,” The New York Times, A1.
________, June 7, 2007, “As Group of 8 Starts Meeting, Bush Rebuffs Germany on Cutting Greenhouse Emissions,” The New York Times, A14.
Sullivan, Walter, September 27, 1974, “Scientists Study Action on Aerosol Gas: Tests by Manufacturers Knowledge of Region,” The New York Times, p. 82.
________, November 15, 1975, “A New Satellite Launching Is Set for Further Studies on Ozone,” The New York Times, p. 6.
________, May 13, 1976, “Studies are Cited to Show that Effects of Fluorocarbons on Ozone Layer May Be Cut Nearly to Zero,” The New York Times, p. 24.
________, October 13, 1976,“Scientists Warn of Expected Rise Of Carbon Dioxide Content in Air,” The New York Times, p.18.
________, March 10, 1977, “Little Support Given to U.S. on Action to Protect Ozone,” The New York Times, p. 16.
________, June 3, 1977, “Climate Peril May Force Limits On Coal and Oil, Carter Aide Says,” The New York Times, p. 55.
________, July 25, 1977, “Scientists Fear Heavy Use of Coal May Bring Adverse Shift in Climate,” The New York Times, p. 1.
________, February 14, 1979, “Climatologists Are Warned North Pole Might Melt,” The New York Times, A21.
________, February 16, 1979, “Scientists at World Parley Doubt Climate Variations Are Ominous,” The New York Times, D13.
________, February 20, 1979, “Disaster Tolls Needlessly High, Conference on Climate Is Told,” The New York Times, C2.
________, February 24, 1979, “A Vast Interdisciplinary Effort To Predict Climate Trend Urged,” The New York Times, p. 44.
________, November 7, 1985, “Low Ozone Level Found Above Antarctica,” The New York Times, B21.
The New York Times News Service, May 8, 1989, “White House Agency Alters Scientist's Testimony,” Chicago Tribune, p. 6.
The New York Times, Septemper 25, 1955, “Why Earth Warms: Scientist Blames Man-Made Changes on Earth's Surface,” The New York Times, E11.
________, October 28, 1956, “Warmer Climate on the Earth May Be Due To More Carbon Dioxide in the Air,” The New York Times, p. 1.
________, November 2, 1974, “Industry Doubts Threat to Ozone: Aerosol Bureau Quotes an Expert on Lack of Proof,” The New York Times, p. 59.
________, June 17, 1975, “Oregon Puts Curb on Aerosol Sprays,” The New York Times, p. 30.
________, June 24, 1975, “Aerosol Over Albany,” The New York Times, p. 32.
________, April 27, 1977, “F.D.A. to Require Warning Label for Fluorocarbon in Aerosol Cans,” The New York Times, p. 32.
________, October 30, 1977, “Some Aerosol Cans Must Display Warnings Beginning Tomorrow,” The New York Times, p. 46.
________, March 16, 1978, “Sharp Curb Ordered on Aerosol Products,” The New York Times, A18.
________, January 24, 1980, “Technology: Carbon Dioxide in New Aerosol,” The New York Times, D2.
________, October 8, 1980, “E.P.A. to Seek a Curb on Fluorocarbon Production,” The New York Times, A18.
________, October 29, 1980, “The Dilemma of the Endangered Ozone,” The New York Times, A30.
________, September 9, 1987, “U.S. Move to Weaken Plan on Ozone Is Seen,” The New York Times, A8.
________, November 13, 1988, “35-Nation Conference Addresses Global Warming,” The New York Times, p. 11.
________, June 9, 1990, “Britain Blocks European Move on Pollution,” The New York Times, p. 5.
________, September 22, 1991, “U.S. Continues to Resist Mandatory Emissions Cuts,” The New York Times, p. 19.
________, October 20, 1993, “Clinton asks Help on Pollution Goal,” The New York Times, A20.
________, July 28, 2005, “Bush Administration Unveils Alternative Climate Pact,” The New York Times, A2.
The Times Staff Reporters, February 18, 1988, “Aerosols to be Made Safe: Ozone Layer Damage,” The Times, p. 2.
The Times, June 22, 1976, “World's Temperature Likely to Rise,” The Times, p. 9.
________, June 21, 1988, “Aerosol move: Tesco to Ban Chlorofluorocarbons,” The Times, p. 1.
________, October 19, 1988, “Britain Leads Fight against Pollution,” The Times, p. 1.
________, January 11, 1989, “A Greener Giant,” The Times, p. 2.
________, March 8, 1989, “Ozone Conference,” The Times, p. 1.
The Washington Post, May 5, 1953, “Industrial Gases Warming Up Earth, Physicist Notes Here,” The Washington Post, p. 5.
________, January 30, 1977, “Changes in Earth's Weather Are Expected to Bring Trouble,” The Washington Post, p. 6.
________, January 14, 1981, “Report Warns Of Possible Shift In Climate Zones,” The Washington Post, A12.
Tickell, Crispin, April 08, 1980, “What Man is Doing to the Climate,” The Times, p. 12.
Wayne, Leslie, December 4, 1998, “Companies Used to Getting Their Way,” The New York Times, C1.
Webster, Bayard, December 22, 1975, “Scientist Warns of Great Floods if Earth's Heat Rises,” The New York Times, p. 47.
Weisskopf, Michael, and William Booth, November 6, 1990, “In West, U.S. Stands Alone on Warming Issue,” The Washington Post, A5.
Weisskopf, Michael, September 9, 1987, “EPA would Make Ratification of Ozone Pact more Difficult,” The Washington Post, A5.
________, September 16, 1987, “45 Nations near Treaty on Ozone,” The Washington Post, A1.
________, October 1, 1987, “Ozone Depletion Worsens, Is Linked to Man-Made Gas: Antarctic Data Bolsters Effort against CFCs,” The Washington Post, A23.
________, March 15, 1988, “Senate Approves International Ozone Treaty,” The Washington Post, A14.
________, May 13, 1989, “U.S. Commits to Talks on Greenhouse,” The Washington Post, A1.
________, February 6, 1990, “Bush Pledges Research on Global Warming,” The Washington Post, A1.
________, February 5, 1991, “U.S. Gets Mixed Reviews on Global Warming Plan,” The Washington Post, A3.
Whipple, Tom, December 3, 2012, “Britain Aims to Push EU on Emissions Cuts,” The Times, p. 7.
Whitney, Craig R., March 3, 1989, “12 Europe Nations to Ban Chemicals that Harm Ozone,” The New York Times, A1.
________, March 6, 1989, “London Talks Hear Call for '97 Ban on Anti-Ozone Chemicals,” The New York Times, B10.
________, May 6, 1989, “Industrial Countries to Aid Poorer Nations on Ozone,” The New York Times, p. 6.
Wilford, John Noble, August 23, 1988, “His Bold Statement Transforms the Debate On Greenhouse Effect,” The New York Times, C4.
Wood, Nicholas, September 28, 1988, “Thatcher gives Support to War on Pollution,” The Times, p. 2.
Wright, Pearce, Sheila Gunn, and Michael McCarthy, March 6, 1989, “Thatcher at Odds with Ridley on Ozone Stance,” The Times, p. 3.
Wright, Pearce, November 24, 1988, “Thatcher Calls Conference on Protecting Ozone Layer,” The Times, p. 2.
________, November 29, 1988, “Northern Hemisphere Facing Ozone Layer Crisis,” The Times, p. 2.
________, March 7, 1989, “Soviet Delegation Rejects CFC Ban,” The Times, p. 2.
________, October 10, 1989, “Greenpeace Seeks Ban on Cleaning Chemicals,” The Times, p. 1.

(IV) Documents

Canada, October 12-16, 1981, “Ongoing the Planned Activities Relevant to the World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer: Canada,” Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer, Fifth Session, Copenhagen.
Chemical Manufacturers Association, October 12-16, 1981, “1980 World Production and Sales of Fluorocarbons FC-11 and FC-12,” Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer, Fifth Session, Copenhagen.
Council of the European Communities, October 14, 1988, “Council Decision of 14 October 1988 Concerning the Conclusion of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,” Luxembourg, 88/540/EEC.
________, October 14, 1988, “Council Regulation of 14 October 1988 on Certain Chlorofluorocarbons and Halons which Deplete the Ozone Layer,” Luxembourg, EEC No 3322/88.
Finland and Sweden, January 20-29, 1982, “Draft of International Convention for the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer,” UNEP Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Elaboration of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Stockholm.
Finland, Noeway and Sweden, October 17-21, 1983, “Draft Annex Concerning Measures to Contral, Limit and Reduce the Use and Emissions of Fully Halogenated CFCs for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,” UNEP Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Elaboration of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
Tolba, Mustafa, March 18, 1985, “Facing a Distant Threat,” The Opening Session of the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna.
UNEP, March 1-9, 1977, “World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer,” adopted by the UNEP Meeting of Experts Designated by Governments, Intergovernmental, and Non-Governmental Organizations on the Ozone Layer, Washington, D.C.
UNEP Secretariat, December 10-17, 1982, “Financial Implications of the Implementation of the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,” UNEP Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Elaboration of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, January 20-29, 1982, “Some Observations on the Preparation of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer,” UNEP Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Elaboration of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Stockholm.
UNEP, December 1-5, 1986, “Draft Protocol on CFCs or Other Ozone-Modifying Substances Submitted by Canada,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, December 1-5, 1986, “Draft Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Work of it First Session,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, December 1-5, 1986, “Ozone Depletion and Climate Change: A Statement on CFCs and Related Compounds by the International Environmental Community,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, December 1-5, 1986, “Proposal by the European Community,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, December 1-5, 1986, “Revised Draft Protocol on CFCs Submitted by the US Preamble,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, December 1-5, 1986, “Statement of David A. Wirth, Nature Resource Council,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, December 1-5, 1986, “USSR Proposal for Article II,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, February 23-27, 1987, “Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Work of Its Second Session,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna.
________, April 27-30, 1987, “Report of Ad Hoc Working Group on the Work of Its Third Session,” Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of the Protocol on CFCs to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Geneva.
________, September 16, 1987, “Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: Final Act,” UNEP Document, Montreal.
________, June 29, 1990, “Report of the 2nd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol,” Second Meeting of the Parities to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, London.
________, May 2, 1989, “Report of the Parities to the Montreal on the Work of Their First Meeting,” First Meeting of the Parities to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
________, November 23, 1992, “Report of the Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol,” Fourth Meeting of the Parities to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Copenhagen.
WMO, October 12-16, 1981, “Ongoing the Planned Activities Relevant to the World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer: WMO,” Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer, Fifth Session, Copenhagen.

(V) Internet

AFEAS, 2009, “Annual Fluorocarbon Production Reported,” http://www.afeas.org/.
AOSIS, 2012, “Members,” http://aosis.org/.
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 2012, “Arizona Climate Change Initiatives,” http://www.azclimatechange.gov/index.html.
Bush, George W., 2001, “Text of a Letter from the President to Senators Hagel, Helms, Craig, and Roberts,” http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html.
California Climate Change Legislation, 2012, “Assembly Bill 1493, Chapter 200, July 22, 2002,” http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/.
________, 2012, “Assembly Bill 32, Chapter 488, September 27, 2006,” http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/.
________, 2012, “Senate Bill 107, Chapter 464, September 26, 2006,” http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/.
________, 2012, “Senate Bill 2, Chapter 1, April 12, 2011,” http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/.
Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2012, “State Legislation from Around the Country,” http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/key-legislation.
Copenhagen Consensus Center, 2012, “Projects,” http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com.
CSIS and CNAS, 2007, “The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change,” CSIS Website, http://csis.org/.
Environment News Service, 2007, “G8: Bush Proposes Talks on Voluntary Global Goal for Greenhouse Gases,” http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2007/2007-05-31-02.asp.
European Commission, 2002, “Kyoto Emission Targets,” http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/g-gas/kyoto/index_en.htm.
Global Environment Facility, 2012, “Areas of Work,” http://www.thegef.org/gef/home.
IPCC Website, 2012, “History,” http://www.ipcc.ch.
March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen, 2004, “The Logic of Appropriateness,” ARENA Working Papers WP 04/09, Oslo, NO: ARENA and University of Oslo. Download from University of Oslo (UiO) Website, http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arena-publications/workingpapers/working-papers2004/wp04_9.pdf.
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, 2012, “Meetings Archive,” http://www.multilateralfund.org/default.aspx.
________, 2012, “About Us,” http://www.multilateralfund.org/default.aspx.
NASA, 1980, “Ozone Hole Watch,” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Website, http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/SH.html.
________, 2006, “Ozone Hole Watch,” http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, 2012, “Mauna Loa CO2 Monthly Mean Data,” http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/.
________, 2012, “Recent Global CO2,” http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/.
Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly, 2000, “United Nations Millennium Declaration,” A/55/L.2, United Nations, http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm/.
Senate of the United States, 1997, “Expressing the Sense of the Senate Regarding the Conditions for the United States becoming a Signatory to Any International Agreement on Greenhouse Gas Emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” 105th Congress 1st Session, S.RES.98, in U.S. Library of Congress Website, http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php.
Stern, Nicholas, 2006, “Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change,” http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/.
The CNA Corporation, 2007, “National Security and the Threat of Climate Change,” in CNA Website, http://www.cna.org/.
The Library of Congress, 1997, “Bill Summary & Status 105th Congress (1997-1998): S.RES.98,” http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php.
________, 1997, “Bill Text 105th Congress (1997-1998): H.RES.211.IH,” http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php.
The Met Office Education, 2011, “The Great Smog of 1952,” http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/teens/case-studies/great-smog.
The PIPK and Knowledge Networks Poll, 2004, “Americans on Climate Change,” in World Public Opinion Website, http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/.
________, 2005, “Americans on Climate Change: 2005,” in World Public Opinion Website, http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/.
Time Magazine, June 08, 1987, “Environment: Don Hodel's Ray-Ban Plan,” http://www.time.com/time/magazine.
U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Quadrennial Defense Review Report 2010,” in Department of Defense Website, http://www.defense.gov/.
U.S. Department of State, 2012, “Multilateral Economic Assistance,” http://www.state.gov/.
UN General Assembly, 1987, “International Co-operation in the Field of the Environment,” United Nations, A/RES/42/184, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/a42r184.htm.
________, 1988, “Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind,” United Nations, A/RES/43/53, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/43/a43r053.htm.
________, 1990, “Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind,” United Nations, A/RES/45/212, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/45/a45r212.htm.
UNEP Ozone Secretariat, 2012, “Data Access Center,” http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/index.php.
________, 2012, “Meeting Documents,” http://ozone.unep.org/Meeting_Documents/.
________, 2012, “Status of Ratification,” http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php.
UNEP, 2011, “The New SPARC ODS Lifetime Assessment,” 8th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Vienna Convention, Geneva, http://ozone.unep.org/Meeting_Documents/research-mgrs/8orm/Reimann_1_Lifetimes.pdf.
________, 2012, “Signature Montreal Protocol,” in UNEP Website, http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php.
________, 2012, “Signature Vienna Convention,” in UNEP Website, http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php.
UNFCC, 2012, "Time Series: Annex I," http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
________, 2012, “Documents and Decisions,” http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
________, 2012, “Joint Implement (JI),” http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.
________, 2012, “Status of Ratification of the Convention,” http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
________, 2012, “Status of Ratification,” http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
United Nations, 1992, “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” UNFCCC Website, http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
________, 1998, “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
________, 2012, “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1998,” Annex B, http://unfccc.int/2860.php.
USCAN, 2012, “About Us,” USCAN Website, http://usclimatenetwork.org/about-us.
USCAP, 2005, “A Call for Action,” http://www.us-cap.org/.
________, 2009, “A Blueprint for Legislative Action,” http://www.us-cap.org/.
Verbist, Bruno, Marieke Vangoidsenhoven, Robert Dewulf, and Bart Muys, 2011, “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation: and Degradation (REDD),” KLIMOS Working Paper 3, Ku Leuven Website, http://www.biw.kuleuven.be.
WCRP, 2012, “History,” http://www.wcrp-climate.org/history.shtml.
World Bank, 2012, “Data: CO2 Emissions (kt),” http://data.worldbank.org/.
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, “Our Common Future,” UN Documents Website, http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm.
World Meteorological Organization, 2012, “History,” http://www.wmo.int/wcc3/history_en.php.
________, 2012, “World Climate Programme: Historical Background,” http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcp.html.

 
 
 
 
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