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題名：Cooperative Approaches to EFL Teaching and Learning
書刊名：正修通識教育學報
作者：曾淑鳳
作者(外文)：Tseng, Shu-feng
出版日期：2004
卷期：1
頁次：頁245-270
主題關鍵詞：英語教學；以英語為其他外國語；合作學習；Teaching English as foreign language；EFL；English for speakers of other language；ESOL；Cooperative learning；CL
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臺灣傳統的英語教學是使用文法翻譯法，著重於文法和字彙的使用，但最近注意力已移轉到合作學習對語言學習的獲得有其益處。 本文提出了一些相關文獻探討如下：腦部的認知研究、合作學習的歷史探討、合作學習的定義、合作學習的教室特徵、合作學習教室中的教師角色、合作學習教室中的學生角色、以英語為其他外國語的合作學習、語言獲得與合作學習、使用合作學習於英語課程中、合作學習於英語課的好處、如何使用合作學習於英語教學中和使用電腦科技相關的合作學習於英文課程中。 研究証明若以合作學習的教材運用於所有語言學習將是最佳選擇，教師們可藉適用學習形態，個性，學生和學校的教材去塑造合作學習情境，使教師能與教學有最適性的結合。
Taiwan's EFL instruction uses a traditional grammar-translation approach, concentrating on the correct usage of grammar and vocabulary. However, in recent years, attention has been paid to possible advantages which cooperative learning might have in language acquisition. This purpose of this study is to provide a review of related literature on brain research on cognition, the history of cooperative learning (CL), a definition of cooperative learning, characteristics of a cooperative classroom, teachers' roles in a cooperative classroom, students' roles in a cooperative classroom, an introduction to cooperative learning in ESOL, language learning acquisition and cooperative learning, using CL in ESOL classes, benefits of using CL in ESOL classrooms, how to apply CL in ESOL classes, and CL in ESOL with computer-related technology. Research confirms that approaches to language learning which incorporate opportunities to use all learning modalities in cooperative contexts are optimal for all students. Teachers may reinvent cooperative learning by adapting it to their style, personality, students, and schools until there is a good fit between them and the rest of their teaching.
期刊論文
1.Bassano, S.、Christison, M. A.(1988)。Cooperative learning in The ESL classroom。TESOL Newsletter，21(2)，8-9。  new window
2.陳玉美、韋金龍(1983)。[合作學習]困擾之探討。Teaching and Learning，18(1)，19-24。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Damon, W.、Phelps, E.(1989)。Critical distinctions among three approaches to peer education。International Journal of Educational Research，13(1)，7-19。  new window
4.Fatbman, A. K.、Kessler, C.(1993)。Cooperative language learning in school contexts。Annual Review of Applied Linguistics，13，127-140。  new window
5.Hand, J.(1986)。The Brain and Accelerated Learning。Per Linguam，2(2)，6。  new window
6.Hass, T.、Smoke, T.(1990)。Talking to learn: Conversation workshops for ESL students。Journal of development Education，14(2)，14-18。  new window
7.Hedderich, N.(1997)。Peer tutoring via electronic mail。Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German，2，141-147。  new window
8.Johnson, D. W.、Johnson, R. T.(1983)。Social interdependence and perceived academic and personal support in the classroom。Journal of Social Psychology，120，22-82。  new window
9.Johnson, D.、Maruyma, G.、Johnson, R.、Nelson, D.、Skon, L.(1981)。The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goals structures on achievement: A meta-analysis。Psychological Bulletin，89，47-62。  new window
10.Kagan, S.(1990)。Cooperative Learning。Educational Leadership，29(3/4)，53。  new window
11.Lee,Tsan-ru(19970100)。Hypermedia and Language Teaching/Learning。英語教學，21(3)=83，40-52。new window  new window
12.Myers, J.(1991)。Cooperative Learning。Cooperative learning，11(4)，94。  new window
13.Shih, S. J.(1992)。An investigation of teaching children English from a cognitive psychological view。Reports of National Taipei Teachers'€ College，1，10-22。  new window
14.Tsao, S. H.(1987)。What I believe in teaching English。Elementary Education，25(4/5)，20-22。  new window
15.Tsao, S. H.(1993)。An investigation of teaching children English in Taipei metropolitan area。Reports of National Taipei Teachers' College，2，49-61。  new window
16.McGroarty, M.(1989)。The benefits of cooperative learning arrangements in second language instruction。NABE: The Journal for the National Association for Bilingual Education，13(2)，127-143。  new window
17.Bejarano, Y.(1987)。A cooperative small-group methodology in the language classroom。TESOL Quarterly，21(3)，483-504。  new window
會議論文
1.Corder, S. P.(1977)。Language teaching and learning: a social encounter。TESOL'77。Washington, D.C.：TESOL。  new window
2.Deutsch, Morton(1962)。Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes。University of Nebraska Press。275-320。  new window
研究報告
1.Cohen, E.、Lotan, R.(1987)。Application of sociology to science teaching: program for complex instruction。Standford, CA：Center for Educational Research at Stanford。  new window
2.Hawkins, B.(1987)。Scaffolded classroom interaction in language minority setting。Los Angels：Center for language Education and Research, University of California。  new window
3.Johnson, D. W.、Johnson, R. T.、Smith, K. A.(1991)。Cooperative learning: Increasing college faculty instructional productivity。Washington, DC：School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University。  new window
學位論文
1.Bonaventura, A. M.(1987)。Effects of cooperative learning methods on the achievement of limited-English speaking students in the English as a second language classroom(博士論文)。State University of New York at Albany。  new window
2.Chapel, M.(1996)。Cooperative learning in the classroom: Perceptions of classroom teachers(博士論文)。University of South Dakota。  new window
3.Cohen, Myrna Diane(1993)。Variables Affecting the Teacher Implementation of Cooperative Learning Methods in ESL and Bilingual Classrooms(博士論文)。University of Houston。  new window
圖書
1.Johnson, D. W.、Johnson, R. T.、Smith, K.(1991)。Active learning: Cooperation in the classroom。Edina, MN：Interaction Book Company。  new window
2.Nunan, D.(1992)。Collaborative language learning and teaching, Cambridge Language Teaching Library。New York：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Dewey, John(1916)。Democracy and education。Collier Macmillan Publishers。  new window
4.Baloche, L. A.(1998)。The cooperative classroom: Empowering learning。Upper Saddle Rever, NJ：Prentice Hall。  new window
5.Kessler, Carolyn(1992)。Cooperative language learning: A teacher's resource book。Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey：Prentice Hall。  new window
6.Cohen, E. G.(1994)。Designing group work: Strategies for the heterogeneous classroom。New York：Teachers College Press。  new window
7.Johnson, David W.、Johnson, Roger T.、Holubec, Edythe Johnson(1994)。The New Circles of Learning: Cooperation in the Classroom and School。Alexandria, VA：Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development。  new window
8.Adams, D.、Hamm, M.(1990)。The Collaborative Dimensions of Learning。Norwood, NJ：Ablex。  new window
9.Bingham, M.、Merrifield, J.、White, C.、White, L. A.(1990)。Teacher in a different way: Group literacy instruction in Tennessee。Knoxville：Center for Literacy Studies, the University of Tennessee。  new window
10.Deutch, M.(1949)。Cooperative learning: A sourcebook for higher education。Lincoln, NE：University of Nebraska Press。  new window
11.Johnson, D. W.、Johnson, R. T.(1986)。Learning together and alone。Englewood Cliffs, N.J.：Prentice Hall。  new window
12.Quina, J.(1989)。Effective Secondary Teaching。New York：Harperand Row。  new window
13.Johnson, D.、Johnson, R.(1975)。Learning together and alone: Cooperation, competition and individualization。Englewood Cliffs, NJ：Prentice-Hall。  new window
14.Johnson, D. W.、Johnson, R. T.(1999)。Learning Together And Alone: Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning。Englewood Cliffs, NJ：Needham Heights, Massachusetts：Boston：Prentice-Hall：Allyn and Bacon。  new window
單篇論文
1.Kagan, S.(1995)。We can talk: Cooperative learning in the elementary ESL classroom，Eric Clearinghouse on Language and Linguistics。(ED 382035)。  new window
2.Calderon, M.(1990)。Cooperative learning for limited English proficient student(ED 331584)。  new window
3.Huss, S.(1990)。Using computers with adult ESL literacy learners(ED 343462)。  new window
其他
1.Brook, O.(1990)。What Is the Collaborative Classroom?，http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/rpl_esys/collab.thm。  new window
2.Cloud, D. W.(1999)。English is a growing world language，http://wavoflife.org/-dcloud/fbns/englishis。  new window
3.Yang, N. D.(1988)。Teaching for communicative competence: A proposal for the enrichment of Taiwan s approach to EFL education，The University of Texas at Austin。  new window
圖書論文
1.Pica, T.、Doughty, C.(1985)。Input and interaction in the communicative language classroom: A comparison of teacher-fronted and group activities。Input and second language acquisition。Rowley, MA：Newbury House Publishers, Inc.。  new window
2.Brindley, Geoffrey(1989)。The role of needs analysis in adult ESL programme design。The second language curriculum。New York。  new window
3.Chilver, P.(1990)。The role of the teacher in small group learning。Perspectives on small group learning: Theory and practice。Ontario：Rubicon Publishing Inc。  new window
4.McDonell, W.(1992)。Language and cognitive development through cooperative group work。Cooperative language learning。N. J.：Prentice-Hall, Inc。  new window
5.McDonell, W.(1992)。The role of the teacher in the cooperative learning classroom。Cooperative language learning。NJ：Prentice-Hall, Inc。  new window
6.McKeachie, W. J.(1994)。Peering learning, collaborative learning, cooperative learning。Teaching tips。MA：D. C. Health and Company。  new window
7.Olsen, R. E. W. B.、Kagan, S.(1992)。About cooperative learning。Cooperative language learning: A teacher's resource book。Prentice Hall Regents。  new window
8.Johnson, D. W.、Johnson, R.-T.(1983)。The socialization and achievement crisis: Are cooperative learning experiences the solution?。Applied Social Psychology Annual。Beverly Hill, CA：Sage。  new window
 
 
 
 
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