「比較」與人類學知識建構：以所羅門群島Langalanga人聘禮交換儀式為例_

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題名：	「比較」與人類學知識建構：以所羅門群島Langalanga人聘禮交換儀式為例
書刊名：	臺灣人類學刊
作者：	郭佩宜
作者(外文)：	Guo, Pei-yi
出版日期：	2004
卷期：	2:2
頁次：	頁1-41
主題關鍵詞：	比較；人類學知識；聘禮交換；田野工作；美拉尼西亞；Comparison；Anthropological knowledge；Fieldwork；Bridewealth exchange；Melanesia
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(6) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(1) 排除自我引用:2 共同引用:10 點閱:39

　　　　　「比較」(comparison)是人陽學研究百年來認識論和方法論，甚至本體論中核心的一環，然而不同人類學理論對比較所扮演的角色之爭辯一直未有定論。全球性跨文化比較研究在面臨詮類取向的桃戰，以及對大理論(grand theory)的質疑之後，亡然邊緣化；然而比較並未在賽類學研究中消失，部分學者倡議以區域化、脈絡化的比較取代通則理論(generalization)的研究目標。此外，許多論者都承認人類學田野工作本身就無可避免地內隱了比較。此種「嵌藏的比較」(implicit comparison)的存在似乎是許多人類學者的共識，但學界尚少詳盡地檢視其運作方式，以及其過程對人類學知識建構的影響。本文以所羅門群島Langalanga人結婚聘禮交換儀式的研究為例，從筆者的田野經驗出發，探討人類學的「比較」(尤其是嵌藏的比較)在類學田野工作、民族誌資料蒐集與詮類，以及人類學知識建構之間的動態關係──筆者稱之為「織疊的比較」(interwoven comparison)。此外，本文擬更進一步主張：「比較」雖是人類的普同現象，但不同社會文化以及不同歷史政經脈絡下，人們所做的比較可能有所差異。深究當地人的「比較觀」──人們揀選何者做比較、如何以及為何做比較，與「比較」在當地人的「比較」在當地人建構對世界的理解上所扮演的角色──對進一步瞭解當地社會文化將有所助益。

以文找文

　　　　　”Comparison” has been at the core of anthropological epistemology, methodology, and even ontology for the past century, though various theoretical approaches have diversified perspectives on its place in anthropology. Worldwide cross-cultural comparison has been marginalized since the interpretive turn and the semi-death of grand theory in anthropology. However, comparison has not disappeared from anthropological research. Some scholars propose regional and contextualized comparison in place of “comparison for generalization.” Many acknowledge that comparison is inevitable and inherent in anthropological fieldwork. Such “implicit comparison,” thought widely recognized among anthropologists, is little examined, and how its practice and process impact on the construction of anthropological knowledge is understudied. Based on my fieldwork experiences in studying bride wealth exchange rituals among the Langalanga, Solomon Islands, this paper examines the dynamic relationships between anthropological “comparisons” (especially implicit comparison) and fieldwork, ethnographic data gathering and interpretation in anthropological knowledge construction. I argue that the process can be characterized as “interwoven comparison.” Moreover, this paper argues that in spite of the universality of comparison in human beings, comparison varies in different socio-cultural as well as historical and political contexts. In-depth study of local concepts of comparison-what, how and why people compare, and the role comparison plays in local epistemology-can contribute to our understanding of local society and culture.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Cooper, Matthew(1971)。Economic Context of Shell Money Production in Malaita。Oceania，41，266-276。
2.	Connell, John(1977)。The Bougainville Connection: Changes in the Economic Context of Shell Money Production in Malaita。Oceania，48，81-101。
3.	Davenport, William(1962)。Red-feather Money。Scientific American，206，94-104。
4.	郭佩宜(20040400)。展演「製作」：所羅門群島Langalanga人的物觀與「貝珠錢製作」展演。博物館學季刊，18(2)，7-24。延伸查詢
5.	Belshaw, C. S.(1950)。Changes in Heirloom Jewellery in the Central Solomons。Oceania，20，169-184。
6.	Chowning, A.(1972)。Ceremonies, Shell Money and Culture among the Kove。Expedition，15，2-8。
7.	Ember, C. R.、Ember, M.(2000)。Testing Theory and Why the 'Units of Analysis' Problem Is Not a Problem。Ethnography，39(4)，349-364。
8.	Garro, L. C.(2000)。Cultural Meaning, Explanations of Illness and the Development of Comparative Frameworks。Ethnography，39(4)，305-335。
9.	Garro, L. C.(2002)。Hallowell's Challenge: Explanations of Illness and Cross-Cultural Research。Anthropological Theory，2(1)，77-97。
10.	Gatewood, J. B.(2000)。Distributional Instability and the Units of Culture。Ethnography，39(4)，293-304。
11.	Gregor, T. A.、Tuzin, D.(1998)。Amazonia and Melanesia: Gender and Anthropological Comparison。Current Anthropology，39，274-277。
12.	Herzfeld, M.(2001)。Performing Comparisons: Ethnography, Globetrotting, and the Spaces of Social Knowledge。Journal of Anthropological Research，57，259-276。
13.	Liep, J.(1981)。The Workshop on the Kula: Production and Trade of Shell Necklaces in the Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea。Folk，23，297-309。
14.	Lowie, R.(1953)。Ethnography, Cultural and Social Anthropology。American Anthropologist，55，527-534。
15.	Mace, R.、Pagel, M.(1994)。The Comparative Method in Anthropology。Current Anthropology，35(5)，549-664。
16.	De Munck, V.(2000)。Introduction: Units for Describing and Analyzing Culture and Society。Ethnography，39(4)，279-293。
17.	De Munck, V.(2002)。Contemporary Issues and Challenges for Comparativists: An Appraisal。Anthropological Theory，2(2)，5-20。
18.	O'Brien, M. J.、Lyman, R. L.(2002)。The Epistemological Nature of Archaeological Units。Anthropological Theory，2(1)，37-56。
19.	Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.(1951)。The Comparative Method in Social Anthropology。The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland，81，15-22。
20.	Rukia, A.(1990)。Early Usages of Rockshelters and Caves in Solomon Islands: Nggela Pile, Central Islands Province。Journal of Solomon Islands Studies，1，26-47。
21.	Schapera, I.(1953)。Some Comments on Comparative Method in Social Anthropology。American Anthropologist，55，353-362。

會議論文
1.	Guo, Pei-yi(2002)。"Trading Money": Shell Money and Trading Networks among the Langalanga, Solomon Islands。The 17th Congress of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association，(會議日期: 9-15 September)。Taipei。
2.	Guo, Pei-yi(2004)。From Currency to Agency: Local Currencies vs. Colonial/State Currencies in the Solomon Islands。The conference "Search for Interface: Interdisciplinary and Area Studies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific"，held by CAPAS and MAP of University de Provence (會議日期: 2004/06/23-06/25)。Marseille。
3.	郭佩宜(2004)。Rethinking Ascribed/ Achieved Status: Hierarchy and Equality in Oral Histories among the Langalanga, Solomon Islands。Taipei。
4.	黃樹民(2002)。The Use and Controversy of Comparative Method in Anthropology: A Historical Review。Taipei。
5.	Tonkinson, R.(2002)。Uncontrolled Comparison: Reflections on Fieldwork in Two Different Worlds。New Zealand。

學位論文
1.	郭佩宜(2001)。Landscape, History and Migration among the Langalanga, Solomon Islands(博士論文)。University of Pittsburgh，Pittsburgh。

圖書
1.	(2001)。Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia: An Exploration ofthe Comparative Method。Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia: An Exploration ofthe Comparative Method。Berkeley：University of California Press。
2.	Hogbin, I.(1964)。A Guadalcanal Society: The Kaoka Speakers。A Guadalcanal Society: The Kaoka Speakers。New York, NY：Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc。
3.	Murdock, George Peter、Murdock, Paul H.(1949)。Social Structure。New York, NY：Turney-High, Harry。
4.	Einzig, Paul(1948)。Primitive Money: In Its Ethnological, Historical and Economic Aspects。London, UK：Eyre ＆ Spottiswoode Press。
5.	Burt, Ben(1994)。Tradition and Christianity: The Colonial Transformation of a Solomon Islands Society。London：Harwood。
6.	Rosenau, Pauline M.(1992)。Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences。Princeton：Princeton University Press。
7.	Marcus, George E.、Fischer, Michael M. J.(1986)。Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences。University of Chicago Press。
8.	Geertz, Clifford J.(1983)。Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology。Basic Books, Inc.。
9.	郭佩宜(2002)。「社群群」（The Community of Communities）：所羅門群島Langalanga人「社群」的再思考。「社群」研究的省思。臺北。延伸查詢
10.	Barnes, R. H.(1987)。Anthropological Comparison。Comparative Anthropology。Oxford。
11.	Bennett, J. A.、Bennett, Judith A.(1987)。Wealth of the Solomons: A History of a Pacific Archipelago, 1800-1978。Wealth of the Solomons: A History of a Pacific Archipelago, 1800-1978。Honolulu, HI。
12.	Bernard, H. Russell(1994)。Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches。Thousand Oaks, CA：Sage Publications。
13.	Boas, F.(1940)。The Limitations of the Comparative Method of Anthropology。Race, Language and Culture。New York, NY。
14.	Borofsky, R.(1994)。Enhancing the Comparative Perspective。Assessing Cultural Anthropology。New York, NY。
15.	Eggan, F.(1961)。Social Anthropology and the Method of Controlled Comparison。Readings in Cross-Cultural Methodology。New Haven, CT。
16.	Ember, C. R.、Ember, M.(2001)。Cross-Cultural Research Methods。Cross-Cultural Research Methods。Lanham, MD。
17.	Ferraro, G. P.(1992)。Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective。Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective。Belmont, CA。
18.	Fox, R. G.(2002)。The Study of Historical Transformation in American Anthropology。Anthropology, By Comparison。London, UK。
19.	Godelier, M.(1994)。'Mirror, Mirror on the Wall...' the Once and Future Role of Anthropology: A Tentative Assessment。Assessing Cultural Anthropology。New York, NY。
20.	Gregor, T. A.、Tuzin, D.(2001)。Comparing Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia: A Theoretical Orientation。Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia: An Exploration of the Comparative Method。Berkeley。
21.	Hobart, M.(1987)。Summer's Days and Salad Days: The Coming of Age of Anthropology?。Comparative Anthropology。Oxford。
22.	Holy, L.(1987)。Introduction: Description, Generalization and Comparison: Two Paradigms。Comparative Anthropology。Oxford。
23.	Ivens, W. G.(1930)。The Island Builders of the Pacific。The Island Builders of the Pacific。London, UK。
24.	Keesing, R. M.(1978)。Elota's Story: The Life and Times of a Solomon Islands Big Man。Queensland：University of Queensland Press。
25.	Kobben, A. J. F.(1970)。Comparativists and Nonn-Comparaivists in Anthropology。A Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology。New York, NY。
26.	Lewis, O.(1961)。Comparisons in Cultural Anthropology。Readings in Cross-Cultural Methodology。New Haven, CT。
27.	Melhuus, M.(2002)。Issues of Relevance: Anthropology and the Challenges of Cross-Cultural Comparison。Anthropology, by Comparison。London, UK。
28.	Oliver, D. L.(1995)。A Solomon Island Society: Kinship and Leadership among the Siuai of Bougainville。A Solomon Island Society: Kinship and Leadership among the Siuai of Bougainville。Cambridge, MA。
29.	Overing, J.(1987)。Translation as a Creative Process: The Power of the Name。Comparative Anthropology。Oxford。
30.	Peel, J. D.(1987)。History, Culture and the Comparative Method: A Western African Puzzle。Comparative Anthropology。Oxford。
31.	Ross, H. M.(1973)。Baegu: Social and Ecological Organization in Malaita, Solomon Islands。Baegu: Social and Ecological Organization in Malaita, Solomon Islands。Illinois。

其他
1.	郭佩宜(1993)。達仁鄉土圾村東排灣族的生命儀禮初探，沒有紀錄。延伸查詢

圖書論文
1.	Duncombe, Stephen(2002)。Introduction。Cultural Resistance Reader。London：Verso。
2.	Akin, David(1999)。Cash and Shell Money in Kwaio, Solomon Islands。Money and Modernity: State and Local Currencies in Melanesia。Pittsburgh：University of Pittsburgh Press。
3.	Guo, Pei-yi(2003)。"Island Builders": Landscape and Historicity among the Langalanga, Solomon Islands。Landscape, Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives。Pluto Press。
4.	Kuper, A.(2002)。Comparison and Contextualization: Reflections on South Africa。Anthropology, by Comparison。London：Routledge。
5.	Nader, Laura(1994)。Comparative Consciousness。Assessing Cultural Anthropology。New York, NY：McGraw-Hill, Inc。

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