This study explores how the emergence of the concept of public health in twentieth-century China shaped municipal government policies toward public toilets and the disposal of human waste in Republican Guangzhou, and its subsequent impact on three different aspects of urban life, namely material culture, urban administration, and urban identity. At the level of material culture, the municipal government’s construction of water closets and public toilets specifically for women brought about tangible changes in the urban landscape and the material life of the people of Guangzhou. At the level of urban administration, the night-soil trade associations, which had been in charge of the management of human waste of the city before the formation of the Guangzhou municipal government, disappeared in the face of the creation of a government-led public health system. At the level of urban identity, the government regulation against urinating in public places gave a new dimension to urban cultural norms and strengthened the boundary between the urban and the rural. Those who violated the regulation were now considered “country bumpkins” who were uncivilized and uninformed of modern urban behavioral standards. Though the government fell short of most of its targets, top-down public health projects gave rise to a set of new norms regarding public toilets and toilet culture, which in turn reshaped urban dwellers’ perception of the essence of modern urban life, their view of the government’s obligation to provide clean toilets, and their concerns about privacy.