德國基於「聯邦主義」原則，教育事務之職權屬各邦權限，各邦可自行決 定之，故各邦教育體制有其相異性；仍有共同性。本文首先依普遍性原則概述 德國中等教育第一階段以下之教育體制；其次，以「北萊茵河─威西發冷邦」 為例，詳述學齡前教育制度與初等教育制度。繼之，本文將聚焦於德國2000 年 的「PISA震撼」（PISA shock），探討其源起及導致2000 年以降德國學齡前與 初等教育制度的改革措施；最後，本文整理出德國教育主管當局面對「國際學 生評量」方案的態度與作法，提供我國參考。

In Germany, according to federalism, each federal state possesses the autonomy of its educational affairs. Therefore, the educational systems of different federal states may be different. But the similarities still exists between them. This paper firstly gives a brief overview of the German educational systems with the focus on the discussion of the preschool and elementary school systems by case of the federal state Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW). Secondly, this paper concentrates on the"PISA-Shock 2000"in Germany. Its cause and impacts on the preschool and elementary school systems and the influences on the following reform after 2000 were expounded. The author not only gives an introduction to the German educational reform in preschool and elementary school systems, but also presents some suggestions to Taiwan based on the German viewpoints and experiences.