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題名：總統、國會與美國FTA政策：以NAFTA與CAFTA-DR為例
書刊名：問題與研究
作者：趙文衡
作者(外文)：Chao, Wen-heng
出版日期：2009
卷期：48:4
頁次：頁1-33
主題關鍵詞：美國；總統；國會；FTA政策；The United States；Congress；President；FTA policy
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(3) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:55
在美國歷史上所簽訂的14 項FTA 中，NAFTA 與CAFTA-DR 最能展現總統與國會在FTA 政策制訂上所扮演角色與影響決策的程度，故本文以此兩項FTA 作為研究美國FTA 決策主體的案例。研究發現，在對外政策的決策主體的三種不同的模式：總統主導模式、國會主導模式與互動模式中，總統模式最能解釋美國FTA 政策。總統具有龐大的國內外行政資源與政黨力量，可以干預國會的決策並改變個別議員的投票傾向，在不影響FTA 基本內涵與目的下促使國會通過FTA。國會制訂的程序規範不足以限制行政部門的權力；除了最終的投票權，國會的影響力僅存在於洽簽時介入修改某些條款，而這些條款的改變仍需要行政部門的認可。這種由行政部門主導，國會僅能在不影響FTA 根本的前提上修改部分的條款，明顯的符合總統主導模式。
Among all 14 FTA’s signed by the U.S. in history, NAFTA and CAFTA-DR - selected by this paper as cases to identify the entity that owns the power of dominating the U.S. FTA policy - most represent the dynamics and impacts of President and Congress on the FTA policy formation. The research shows that among the three models of decision-making entities of foreign policy - President, Congress, and Interaction, the President model best explains the decision-making of FTA policies. President controls enormous external and internal administrative resources and party leverage to interfere with the Congress decision-making and change the voting behavior of individual congressman, resulting in the passage of FTA’s in Congress without undermining its foundation. Regulations created by Congress do not generate meaningful effects on constraining President’s power. In addition to the showdown on final voting, Congress’ influence is only limited to slightly modifying contents of agreements mostly in the stage of negotiation, which also requires approval from the Administration. This is apparently consistent with the arguments of the President model.
期刊論文
1.Baer, M. Delal(1991)。North American Free Trade。Foreign Affairs，70(4)，132-149。  new window
2.Binder, Sarah A.(1999)。The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947-96。American Political Science Review，93(3)，519-533。  new window
3.何思因(1991)。美國國會與國際貿易政策之制訂。問題與研究，30(8)，62-71。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.彭慧鸞(1991)。美國國會的外交權。問題與研究，30(2)，55-65。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.彭錦鵬(1991)。美國國會幕僚角色的成長。美國月刊，6(3)，57-67。  延伸查詢new window
6.Barilleaux, Ryan J.(1988)。The President, 'Intermestic' Issues, and the Risks of Policy Leadership。Presidential Studies Quarterly，15(4)，754-767。  new window
7.Bush, George W.(2005)。Remarks on Signing the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act。Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents，41(31)，1241-1242。  new window
8.Carr, Terese(2002)。The Executive Trade Promotion Authority and International Environment Review in the Twenty-First Century。Houston Journal of International Law，25(1)，142-163。  new window
9.Carter, Ralph G.(2000)。Congressional Trade Politics, 1985-1995。Congress and the Presidency，26(1)，61-76。  new window
10.Ellis, Kristi(2005)。Textile Industry Divided as Congress Nears Vote in Showdown over CAFTA。WWD，189(135)。  new window
11.Erikson, Daniel P.(2005)。Central America's Free Trade Gamble。World Policy Journal，21(4)，19-26。  new window
12.Haggard, Stephan(1988)。The Institutional Foundations of Hegemony: Explaining the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934。International Organization，42(1)，121-150。  new window
13.Jasper, William F.(2004)。CAFTA: Stepping Stone to the FTAA。The New American Appleton，20(10)，32-35。  new window
14.Lindsay, James M.(1994)。Congress, Foreign Policy, and the New Institutionalism。International Studies Quarterly，38，281-304。  new window
15.Lindsay, James M.、Ripley, Randall B.(1994)。How Congress Influences Foreign and Defense Policy。Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences，47(6)，7-32。  new window
16.Marshall, Bryan W.(2003)。Presidential Success in the Realm of Foreign Affairs: Institutional Reform and the Role of House Committees。Social Science Quarterly，84(3)，685-703。  new window
17.Mastel, Greg(2004)。The Rise of the Free Trade Agreement。Challenge，47(3)，41-61。  new window
18.Olson, William C.(1976)。President, Congress and American Foreign Policy: Confrontation or Collaboration?。International Affairs，52(4)，565-581。  new window
19.Prins, Brandon C.、Marshall, Bryan W.(2001)。Congressional Support of the President: A Comparison of Foreign, Defense, and Domestic Policy Decision Making during and after the Cold War。Presidential Studies Quarterly，31(4)，660-678。  new window
20.Shapiro, Hal、Brainard, Lael(2002)。Trade Promotion Authority Formerly Known as Fast Track: Building Common Ground on Trade Demands More than a Name Change。The George Washington International Law Review，35(1)，1-53。  new window
21.Tower, John G.(1981)。Congress versus the President: The Formulation and Implementation of American Foreign Policy。Foreign Affairs，60(2)，229-246。  new window
22.VanGrasstek, Craig(1997)。Is the Fast Track Really Necessary?。Journal of World Trade，31(2)，97-123。  new window
23.Weingast, Barry R.(1984)。The Congressional-Bureaucratic System: A Principal Agent Perspective。Public Choice，44(1)，147-191。  new window
24.Wittkopf, Eugene R.、McCormick, James M.(1998)。Congress, the President, and the End of the Cold War。Journal of Conflict Resolution，42(2)，440-466。  new window
會議論文
1.LeLoup, Lance T.、Shull, Steven A.(1978)。Congress versus Executive: The 'Two Presidencies' Revisited。  new window
研究報告
1.Nanto, Dick K.(1993)。Japan and NAFTA。  new window
學位論文
1.Amadei, Paola(2004)。The EU and US Trade Authorities: A Comparison(碩士論文)。Tufts University。  new window
圖書
1.O'Halloran, Sharyn(1994)。Politics, Process, and American Trade Policy。Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press。  new window
2.Cameron, Maxwell A.、Tomlin, Brian W.(2000)。The Making of NAFTA: How the Deal Was Done。Ithaca, NY：Cornell University Press。  new window
3.Franck, Thomas M.、Weisband, Edward(1979)。Foreign Policy by Congress。Oxford University Press。  new window
4.Auerswald, David P.(2003)。Advice and Consent: The Forgotten Power。Congress and the Politics of Foreign Policy。New Jersey, NJ。  new window
5.Baldwin, Robert E.(1998)。U.S. Trade Policies: The Role of the Executive Branch。Constituent Interests and US Trade Policies。Ann Arbor, MI。  new window
6.Bhagwati, Jagdish(2000)。Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview。Trading Blocs。Cambridge, MA。  new window
7.Cohen, Stephen D.(1994)。United States International Economic Policy。United States International Economic Policy。Westport, CT。  new window
8.Destler, I. M.(1998)。Congress, Constituencies, and U.S. Trade Policy。Constituent Interests and US Trade Policies。Ann Arbor, MI。  new window
9.Dryden, Steve(1995)。Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade。Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade。New York, NY。  new window
10.Goldstein, Judith(1988)。Ideas, Institutions, and American Trade Policy。The State and American Foreign Economic Policy。Ithaca, NY。  new window
11.Henehan, Marie T.(2000)。Foreign Policy and Congress: An International Perspective。Ann Arbor, MI：The University of Michigan Press。  new window
12.Kegley, Charles W., Jr、Wittkopf, Eugene R.(1991)。American Foreign Policy。American Foreign Policy。New York, NY。  new window
13.Lindsay, James M.(1994)。Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy。Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy。Baltimore, MD：Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
14.O'alloran, Sharyn(1993)。Congress and Foreign Trade Policy。Congress Resurgent: Foreign and Defense Policy on Capitol Hill。Ann Arbor, MI。  new window
15.Pastor, Robert A.(1980)。Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy。Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy。Berkeley, CA。  new window
16.Pastor, Robert(1983)。The Cry-and-Sigh Syndrome: Congress and Trade Policy。Making Economic Policy in Congress。Washington, D.C.。  new window
17.Ripley, Randall B.、Lindsay, James M.(1993)。Congress and Foreign Trade Policy。Congress Resurgent: Foreign and Defense Policy on Capital Hill。Ann Arbor, MI。  new window
18.Stack, John F., Jr.、Campbell, Colton C.(2003)。Congress: How Silent a Partner?。Congress and the Politics of Foreign Policy。New Jersey, NJ。  new window
19.Waltz, Kenneth N.(1967)。Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics。Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics。Boston, MA。  new window
其他
1.Zoellick, Robert B.。Free Trade and Hemispheric Hope。  new window
 
 
 
 
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