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題名:由最高法院判例看美國公立中學的宗教活動
書刊名:教育研究集刊
作者:張民杰 引用關係
作者(外文):Chang, Min-chieh
出版日期:1999
卷期:43
頁次:頁163-183
主題關鍵詞:建立條款信教自由條款公立中學的宗教活動Establishment clauseFree exercise clauseReligious activities in public high schools
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 點閱點閱:13
     美國是一個崇尚宗教民主、自由的國家,其聯邦憲法第一修正案的「建立條款」 及「信教自由條款」,規範了政府與宗教的關係,以及人民的信仰自由,同時也對學校教育 及校園宗教活動產生重大的影響。本文藉著檢視最高法院的案例,說明美國公立中學校園內 宗教活動應守的分際,包括:1.校方不宜規定統一的祈禱及聖經閱讀;2.中學生可以有限度 地成立聖經社或團契聚會;3.學校畢業典禮不宜有祈願和祝禱的宗教活動。 而聯邦最高法院判決依據的基本理由包括:1.宗教自由條款的立法背景與精神;2.宗教 所具私人及神聖的性質;3.中學具有限開放論壇的特性。而判例的適用隨時代與個案而有所 改變,不過其趨勢從「分離隔牆」(wall of separation)的「傑佛遜主義」(Jeffersonians)傾向於 麥迪遜主張「不偏袒」(non-preference)的「通融主義」(accommodationism)。 美國中學校園未來一定持續有許多宗教活動,聯邦最高法院所建立的判例雖然提供一些 宗教活動的分際,但是容許特定宗教活動與否的界線並非相當明確,如何做取捨?仍然困擾 著美國中學的學校行政人員。
     The United States is a country that advocates freedom of religion. The Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause, included in the First Amendment of the Federal Constitution, not only regulate the relationship between state and church, but also state people's freedom of religion. These two clauses have a great impact on religious activities in schools. After examining legal precedents, the author illustrates three principles of religious activities in public high schools. These principles are: (1) It is inappropriate for schools to stipulate the common form of prayer and bible reading. (2) High school students are allowed to organize bible clubs or arrange club meetings under certain circumstances. (3) Public Schools authorities should not hold an invocation or benediction during graduation ceremonies. The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court is based on the following reasons: (1) the original background and spirit for the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the Federal Constitution, (2) the personal and sacred nature of religion, (3) the attribution of limited open forum in public schools. The decision-making of the court is moving gradually form " wall of separation" or "Jeffersonians" towards "accommodation". More and more religious activities are expected in American public high schools in the future. The U.S. Supreme Court has revealed some principles for religious activities through its legal precedents. However, whether some special religious activities are allowed on campuss still troubles school administrators.
期刊論文
1.嚴震生(19970600)。由最高法院案例看美國憲法中的「宗教自由」之爭議:公立學校與「禁止設置條款」檢驗標準的適用性。美歐季刊,12(2)=130,107-160。  延伸查詢new window
2.任冀平(19920600)。美國聯邦最高法院的司法審查權。美國月刊,7(6)=74,111-121。  延伸查詢new window
3.廖彥忠(19941100)。美國法院運用「遵循先例原則」之探討。美歐月刊,9(11)=103,48-60。  延伸查詢new window
4.Barber, Larry W.(1993)。Prayer at Public School Graduation: A Survey。Phi-Delta Kappan,75(2),12-124。  new window
5.Butts, R. Freeman(1987)。A History and Civics Lesson for All of Us。Educational Leadership,44(8),21-25。  new window
6.Carton, J. Gregory(1987)。The Equal Access Act。Journal of Law & Education,16(2),225-235。  new window
7.Cord, Robert L.(1987)。Church-State Separation and the Public Schools: A Re-evaluation。Educational Leadership,44(8),26-32。  new window
8.Grumet, Louis(1994)。Breaching The Wall。The American School Board Journal,181(5),26-28。  new window
9.Haynes, Charles C.(1987)。Religious Freedom: Teach It or Lose It。Educational Leadership,44(8),18-20。  new window
10.Hulsizer, Donna(1987)。Public Education on Trial。Schools: Educational Leadership,44(8),12-16。  new window
11.McCarthy, Martha M.(1993)。Much Ado over Graduation Prayer。Phi-Delta Kappan,75(2),12-124。  new window
12.Park, J. Charles(1987)。The Religious Right and Public Education。Educational Leadership,44(8),5-10。  new window
13.Sendor, Beniamin(1997)。Guidance on Graduation Prayer。The American School Board Journal,184(4),16-18。  new window
14.Underwood, Julie K.、Mead, Julie F.(1996)。Establishment of Religion Analysis: The Lemon Test or Just Lemonade?。Journal of Law & Education,25(1),55-82。  new window
15.Vacca, Richard S.、Hudgins, H. C. Jr.(1994)。Pomp and Controversy。The American School Board Journal,181(5),29-32。  new window
學位論文
1.張民杰(1993)。美國聯邦法院學生自由權判例之研究(碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.荊知仁(1991)。美國憲法與憲政。三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
2.朱瑞祥(1984)。美國聯邦法院判例史程。台北:聯經。  延伸查詢new window
3.Robbins, Jan C.(1987)。Voluntary Religious Activities in Public Schools: Policy Guidelines。Bloomington, TNC:Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation。  new window
4.傅崑成(1991)。美國憲法逐條釋義。臺北:三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
5.Urban, W.、Wangoner, J.(1996)。American Education: A history。N.Y.:McGraw Hill。  new window
6.Spring, J.(1996)。American education。New York:McGraw-Hill。  new window
單篇論文
1.Hooker, Clifford P.(1986)。Prayer in Public School Graduation Ceremonies(ED 268662)。  new window
2.Rossow, Lawrence F.,Rossow, Nancy Dort(1987)。School Neutrality or Endorsement: Students' Perceptions of Religious Extracurricular Activities(ED 299658)。  new window
 
 
 
 
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