農地三權分置是中國特色現代農地制度的核心,是我國農地權利制度改革的既定選擇,旨在實現農地規模化經營,破解農地融資困境,提高農業生產效率。農地三權分置政策向可運作的法律實現機制轉化,應當以堅持農地集體所有權為前提,以穩定農地既有法權關系為基礎,以農地權利財產化為指向。中央農地政策上的農戶承包權即為現行法中的土地承包經營權(包括派生出土地經營權的土地承包經營權)。依據權利行使的用益物權發生邏輯,土地經營權是土地承包經營權人行使其權利而設定的次級用益物權,承包權與經營權的法構造為"用益物權—次級用益物權"。在解釋論層面,囿于物權法定原則,土地經營權原本并非物權,但其設定一經登記,即獲得對抗第三人的效力,并受侵權責任法保護。在立法論層面,未來我國"民法典物權編"應當將土地經營權上升為法定的用益物權,進而實現土地經營權的法定化。

Separation of the three forms of rights torural land(rights to ownership,contracting and management)is a core element in today’s rural land system with Chinese characteristics and a necessary choice in the reform of rural land rights.It aims to realize the scale operation of rural land,eliminate the predicament of rural land finance,and increase agricultural productivity.The transition from the policy of separating the three rights to operable laws governing the policy’s implementation is premised on the collective ownership of rural land,based on stabilizing existing judicial relations in rural land,and directed toward the assetization of rights to rural land.Rural households’land contract and management rights under the central government’s rural land policies are simply those under existing laws(including rights under the household responsibility system from which the land management right derives).In line with the logic of the emergence of usufruct in accordance with the execution of rights,land management rights constitute a secondary usufruct established by the owners of land contract and management rights in the exercise of their rights;hence the legal structure of contract and management rights is usufruct/secondary usufruct.In terms of interpretation,land management rights,being restricted by numerus clausus,are essentially not real rights,but once registered they take effect against third parties and are protected by tort law.In terms of legislation,the future real rights chapter in China’s civil code should elevate land management rights to the status of legal usufruct,thus giving them statutory status.