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題名:美國參謀首長聯席會議對華主張之分析,1947-1950
作者:吳昆財 引用關係
作者(外文):Wu, Quen-tsai
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:歷史研究所
指導教授:王成勉
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:參謀首長聯席會議李海布萊德雷中美關係美國在華聯合軍事顧問團杜魯門艾奇遜台灣國家安全會議國家安全會議第三十七號文件Joint Chiefs of StaffWilliam D. LeahyOmar N. BradleySino-American RelationsJoint U.S. Miltary Advisory Group in ChinaHarry TrumanDean AchesonTaiwainNational Security CouncilNSC-37
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博士論文摘要
參謀首長聯席會議(Joint Chiefs of Staff)不但是美國國防部轄下一個重要的軍事單位,也是國家安全不可或缺的軍事諮詢機構。學者一般皆將之視為軍事組織,進行研究。較少有學者從外交的角度,分析這個單位所扮演的角色。不可諱言,這個單位從一九四二年臨時成立後至今,的確在美國的軍事上,發揮強大的作用,得到許多的讚揚,更造成不少的傑出人才,如現任的美國國務卿鮑威爾(Gen. Collin Powell),就曾擔任參謀首長聯席會議主席。
但參謀首長聯席會議除了軍事角色的扮演外,由於職權之故,它或多或少也涉及到外交事務,進而在美國對外關係上,具有發言權。而此一部份更較少為學者所關注。本文的研究目的,就是想要釐清參謀首長聯席會議於一九四七至一九五0年期間,在美國對華政策上究竟產生那些作用?因為中美學者在詮釋中美關係時,焦點比較傾向於總統、國務院、國會乃至媒體界,而往往忽略了軍方的角色。
除了詮譯參謀首長聯席會議的對華主張外,本文還要分析這個單位的內部組織與沿革。事實上,國內對於該單位,在美國軍事與外交上的角色,認知均非常的有限。究竟該單位與總統、國防部長,乃至與國務院的互動關係為何,是頗值得探討的一項議題。透過對該組織運作的掌握,更有助於瞭解該單位在美國國家安全體系,以及在軍事、外交上,究竟扮演何種角色。
總之,本文有二項研究主軸,第一,詮譯參謀首長聯席會議的對華主張,和對華的態度;第二,分析參謀首長聯席會議的組織運作,與歷史發展。最後,本文希望透過這兩大主軸的分析,呈現美國在制定對華政策時,的確存在另一種不同的思維,以便提供給學界參酌。同時,也希望引發更多的學者,從事參謀首長聯席會議的研究工作。
Abstract
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is not only one of agencies within the Department of Defense, but it is also important to U.S. national security. Many researcher regard it as military agency and research it. Frankly speaking, from 1942 to 2000 JCS has made a lot of contribution to American security and some famous figures are from JCS like as Collin Powell.
But besides military duties, JCS also involves American diplomacy, and can influence the diplomatic policy. The Ph.D. dissertation hopes to clarify JCS how to influence American policy on China, 1947-1950.
In order to recognize the relation between JCS and China, the dissertation will also introduce the development and history of JCS. In fact, on Taiwan few know about JCS. How JCS deals with the relations with President and Secretary of Defense, it is interesting topic to readers.
Anyway, the dissertation has two goals: firstly, to analyze what is JCS attitude on China; secondly, to introduce what is JCS and its history until 1942 to now.
壹、中文部份
一、文獻、檔案、回憶錄、選集
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顧維鈞,《顧維鈞回憶錄》,北京,中華書局,1988。
國史館,《蔣中正總統檔案》,台北:國史館。
二、研究著作
(一)書籍
丁永隆,孫宅巍,《南京政府崩潰始末》,台北:巴比倫出版社,1992。
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王成勉,《馬歇爾使華調處日誌(1945年11月-1947年1月)》,台北:國史館,1992。
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王健民,《中國共產黨史》,台北:漢京文化事業有限公司,1988。
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沈慶林,《中國抗戰時期的國際援助》,上海:上海人民出版社,2000。
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吳東之,《中國外交史──中華民國時期,1911-1949》,河南:河南人民出版社,1998。
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吳濁流,《台灣連翹》,台北:前衛出版社,1989。
李本京,《蔣中正先生與中美關係──從白皮書公佈到韓戰爆發》,台北:黎明文化事業公司,1992。new window
李榮秋,《珍珠港事變到雅爾達協定期間的美國對華關係》,台北:東吳大學中國學術著作獎助委員會,1978。new window
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姚夫等編,《戰爭解放紀事》,北京:解放軍出版社,1987。
胡永銘,《1949至1950年美國對華關係:蔣公引退至韓戰爆發前夕》,台北:撰者自印,1987。
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唐耐心(Nancy B. Tucker)著,新新聞編譯小組譯,《不確定的友情──台灣、香港與美國,1945至1992》,台北:新新聞出版社,1995。
時殷弘,《敵對與衝突的由來──美國對新中國的政策與中美關係(1949-1950)》,南京:南京大學出版社,1995。
張玉法,《中華民國史稿》,台北:聯經出版事業公司,1998。
陳景彪、彭錦華,《美俄國共大角逐》,台北:風雲時代出版社,1993。
費正清編,章建剛譯,《劍橋中華民國史》,上海:上海人民出版社,1992。
梁敬錞,《史迪威事件》,台北:台灣商務印書館,1971。
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(二)博碩士論文
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黃春森,《魏德邁與中國,1944-1947》,台北:文化大學中美關係研究所,碩士論文,1989。
(三)期刊
王成勉,〈馬歇爾與中國──國務卿任內之探討〉,台北:《國史館刊》,第二十二期,1996,頁205-238。
──,〈馬歇爾使華訓令之檢討〉,台北:《近代中國》雙月刊,第一二0期,1997年8月,頁110-129。
陳驥,〈冷戰新詮釋〉,收錄於國立中興大學歷史學系主編,《第三屆國際史學史論文集》,1991,頁449-483。new window
趙綺娜,《美國親國民黨國會議員對杜魯門政府中國政策影響之評估》,台北:中研院歐美所,《歐美研究》,二十一卷第三期,1991,頁83-129。new window
貳、英文部份
一、政府出版品、檔案、日記、傳記、回憶錄、選集
Department of State, United States Relations With China: With Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1967.
National Security Council, Documents of the National Security Council, 1947-1977 (5 reels), Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, 1980.
Record of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Part II, 1946-1953, The Far East, Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, Inc., , Microfilm, 1979.
Record of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Part II, 1946-1953, Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, Inc., 1980.
U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearing on the State Department Loyalty Investigation, 81st Congress, 2nd Session.
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, Vol. V, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1969.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, Vol. IX, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1972.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, Vol. X, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1972.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Vol. VII, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1972.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Vol. VII, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1973.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Vol. VIII, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1973.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, Vol. VIII, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1973.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, Vol. IX, The Far East: China, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1974.
──Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Vol. VI, East Asia and The Pacific, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1976.
(二)傳記、日記、回憶錄、選集
Acheson, Dean, Present At the Creation, New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1969.
Arnold, Henry H., Global Mission, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949.
Bradley, Omar N., A General’s Life, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.
Clifford, Clark, Counsel to the President: a memoir, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1991.
Goldwater, Barry, Goldwater, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1988.
Kennan, George F., Memoirs─1925-1950, Toronto: Bantam Books, 1969.
Leahy, William D., I Was There, New York: Whittlesey House, 1950.
MacArthur, Douglas, Reminiscences─-General of the Army, New York: McGraw Hill, 1963.
White, Theodore H., The Stilwell Papers, New York: William Sloane, 1948.
二、研究著作
(一)書籍
Adams, Henry H., Witness to Power, The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
Ambrose, Stephen E., Rise of Globalism, New York: Penguin Group, 1993.
Bohlen, Charles E., Witness to History, 1929-1969, New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1973.
Borg, Dorothy & Heinrichs, Waldo, Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
Borklund, C. W., The Department of Defense, New York: Frederick A. Rraeger Inc., 1968.
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Buhite, Russell D., Soviet-American Relations in Asia, 1945-1954, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981.
Chang, Gordon H., Friends and Enemies─The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Christensen, Tomas J., Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1950, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Cohen, Warren I., America‘s Response to China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
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Cole, Ronald H., Jaffe, Lorna S., Poole, Walter S., Webb, Willard J., The Chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1995.
Condit, Kenneth W., The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. II, 1947-1949, Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1976.
Cray, Ed, General of the Army: George C. Marshall─Soldier and Statesman, New York: W. W. Norton Company Inc., 1990.
Curry, Roy W., Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy, 1913-1921, New York: Bookman Associates, 1957.
Daniels, Jonathan, The Man of Independence, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1950.
Deconde, Alexender, Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, New York: Charles Scribner’s, Sons, 1978.
Esherick Joseph W. (ed.), Lost Chance in China: The World War II Dispatches of John S. Service, New York: Random House, 1974.
Feis, Herbert, The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1953.
Finkelstein, David M., Washington’s Taiwan Dilemma, 1949-1950─From Abandonment to Salvation, Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Prerss, 1993.
Freeland, Richard M., The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1972.
Gaddis, John L., The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
──We Now Know─Rethinking Cold War History, New York: Oxford, 1997.
Gallicchio, Marc S., The Cold War Begins in Asia, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
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Grasso, June M., Truman’s Two-China Policy, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1987.
Griswold, A. Whitney, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1938.
Harding, Harry and Yuan Ming, Sino-American Relations, 1945-1955--A Joint Reassessment of a Critical Decade, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1989.
Hayes, Grace Person, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: The War Against Japan, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1982.
Head, William P., America’s China Sojourn─America’s Foreign Policy and Its Effects on Sino-American Relations, 1942-1948, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 1983.
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Huntington, Samuel P., The Soldier and the State─The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985.
Jason, Kathrine & Posner, Holly, Explorations in American Culture, Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 1994.
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Kubek, Anthony, How the Far East Was Lost: American Policy and the Creation of Communist China, New York: Twin Circle Publising C., Inc., 1972.
Iriye, Akira, The Cold War in Asia: A Historical Introduction, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1974.
LaFeber, Walter, America, Russia, and the Cold War, New York: Newbery Award Records, Inc., 1985.
──American Age, New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1989.
Lauren, Paul G., The China Hands’ Legacy: Ethics and Diplomacy, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.
Lederman, Gordon N., Reorganizing the Joint Chiefs of Staff─The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc., 1999.
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Mayers, David, George Kennan and the Dilemmas of American Foreign Policy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
McCarthy, Joseph R., America’s Retreat From Victory: The Story of George C. Marshall, New York: The Devin-Adair Co., 1951.
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McGlothien, Ronald L., Controlling The Waves─Dean Acheson and U.S. Foreign Policy in Asia, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993.
Meyer, Edward C., Trainor, Bernard E., Millett, Aallan R., Owens, Mackubin T., Murray, Robert, The Reorganizations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: A Critical Analysis, Washington D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey’s International Defense Publisher, Inc., 1986.
Mills, Walter, The Forrestal Diaries, New York: Vinking Press, 1951.
Pepper, Suzanne, Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945-1949, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
Pogue, Forrest C., George C. Marshall, Statesman, New York: Viking Press, 1987.
Price, Harry B., The Marshall Play and its Meaning, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1955.
Reed, James, The Missionary Mind and American East Asia Policy, 1911-1925 Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983.
Roseboom, Eugene H., A Short History of President Elections, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1967.
Schaller, Michael, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
──The American Occupation of Japan: the Origins of the Cold War in Asia, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
──Douglas MacArthur─The Far Eastern General, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Schilling, Warner R., Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets, New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
Schnabel, James F. and Watson Robert J., The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff─The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. III, The Korean War, Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1978.
Schnabel, James F., The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. I, 1945-1947, Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1979.
Shaw Yu-ming, Reform and Revolution in Twentieth Century China, Taipei: Institute of International Relations Nation Chengchi University, 1987.
Smith, R. Harrison, OSS─The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency, New York, Dell Publishing Co. Inc, 1973.
Stoler, Mark A., Allies and Adversaries: the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. strategy in World War II, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
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(二)博碩士論文
Anderson, Helen E. F., Through Chinese Eyes: American China Policy, 1945-1947, Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia, Ph.D. dissertation, 1980.
Baron, Michael L., Tug of War: The Battle Over American Policy Toward China, 1946-1949, New York: Columbia University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1980.
Binkley, John C., The Role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in National Security Policy Making; Professionalism and Self-perceptions, 1942-1961, Chicago: Loyola University of Chicago, Ph.D. dissertation, 1985.
Brower, Charles F., The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy: American Strategy and the War with Japan, 1943-1945, Philadelphia: University Pennsylvania, Ph.D. dissertation, 1987.
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Foltos, Lester J., The Bulwark of Freedom: American Security Policy for East Asia, 1945-1950, Sprignfield, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Ph.D. dissertation, 1980.
Hall, Gwendolyn M., Managing Interservice Competition: The Relation between the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Annapolis, Maryland: University of Maryland College Park, Ph.D. dissertation, 1992.
Heer, Paul James, George F. Kennan and U.S. Foreign Policy in East Asia, Washington D.C.: The George Washington University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1995.
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Marolda, Edward J., The U.S. Navy and Chinese Civil War, 1945-1952, Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1990.
McClain, Linda, The Role of Admiral William D. Leahy in U.S. Foreign Policy, Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia, Ph.D. dissertation, 1984.
Mandel, Richard, The Struggle for East Asia’s Rimlands: Franklin D. Roosevelt, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, and U.S. Far East Policy, 1921-1945, New York: Cornell University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1990.
Manser, Richard L., Roosevelt and China: Form Cairo to Yalta, Philadelphia: Temple University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1987.
Miles, Paul L. Jr., American Strategy in World War II: The Role of William D. Leahy, Princeton: Princeton University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1999.
Ohn, Chang-il, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and U.S. Policy and Strategy Regarding Korea, 1945-1953, Kansas City, Kansas: University of Kansas, Ph.D. dissertation, 1983.
Wang, Richard Yuping, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and United States Policy on China, 1945-1949, Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi State University, Ph.D. dissertation, 1987.
Karmen Lynelle Pfeiffer(方可文),United States Foreign Policy Toward China, American Perspectives, 1949-1950(《美國對華政策的轉變,1949-1950》),高雄:中山大學大陸研究所,碩士論文,1996。
(三)期刊
Sun, Tung-hsun, ”Some Trends in Interpretations of Sino-American Relations of the Late 1940’s by American Historians”, Taipei: Sino-American Relations, 24:4, 1998, pp. 15-49.
 
 
 
 
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