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題名:美國南北報刊社論評析內戰前分離運動之研究
作者:林重甫
作者(外文):Chung-Fu Lin
校院名稱:國立中山大學
系所名稱:中山學術研究所
指導教授:顧長永
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:分離運動Secession
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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論文提要
本論文主要談及美國內戰前一年,即西元1860年所謂「分離嚴冬」期間,南北雙方錯綜複雜、瞬息萬變之情勢。尤其是9月間,激烈的總統選舉活動,擴大且加深了南北方分離主義者與聯邦主義者間之矛盾與衝突,對於政府應否採取強制政策之爭論亦進入白熱化。其後,南北情勢急轉直下,雙方調停與妥協觸礁,南卡羅萊納州及其他南方州相繼宣告退出聯邦,以致迫使北方採取軍事行動,以維繫聯邦完整,遂爆發慘烈的南北鬩牆之戰。
在南北內戰前,政治情勢的惡化,使得最高法院的釋憲功能受到極大考驗,並致使民主政治形成中斷危機。1860年「分離嚴冬」期間,黨派鬥爭激烈,分離意識昌盛,南北嚴重對立,即使最高法院已針對衝突焦點之黑奴問題作出判決,但仍引起普遍不滿,爭議與衝突並未稍戢。顯然最高法院對於內戰前憲法爭議之核心──聯邦之性質與基於州主權之分離權利──未能有效解決,於是終須訴諸戰爭手段。戰爭的結果穩固了聯邦的至高主權地位,更迫使戰敗的南方放棄其聯邦乃暫時契約性質之主張。此項結果在戰後不久,最高法院所作的「德州對懷特案」裁決中進一步獲得確認,一個「更完美的聯邦」於焉形成。
本論文自報界輿論角度切入,透過對報紙社論之分析與比較,以瞭解上述「分離嚴冬」時期重要爭議問題之焦點及其所抱持之基本立場,歸納出南北方各種報紙觀點異同之處及其理論依據,探索報界在內戰前複雜情勢中所扮演之角色與影響力,並進而釐清報界、民意及政府決策間的互動關係,同時,對以新聞自由考驗美國民主政治之早期成果作進一步了解。而此時,無論南北方報紙,均對國家社會所處微妙而多變情勢,付出極多的關注與報導。尤其針對諸項重要問題或嚴重爭議,各家報紙均藉由社論表達其各自的觀點,其間或有論理、激情、辯駁、煽動之言詞,但不獨顯示了多元社會的多面向觀點,更對民意趨向與政府決策產生實質的影響力。
在最後研究結論上,談及當前海峽兩岸所面臨的分裂情勢,雖與美國內戰前有時空上的差異,但所處媒體開放、對統獨議題討論熱烈之環境,卻與美國南北內戰前頗為近似。特別是結論中所提及民主體制的鞏固、最高法院釋憲權威的建立、輿論界所應負社會道德責任、軍隊國家化的重要性以及本土化政策的未來危機等,均足以提供吾人深思、反省、警惕與借鏡之處。
Critical Analyses on Pre-Civil War Secessionist Movement As Viewed by the Editorial Commentaries of US Southern-Northern Press Corp,
Secession
參 考 書 目
壹、中文書目
﹝依姓名筆畫順序﹞
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貳、中文期刊
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肆、英文期刊
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