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題名:主題探索式課程對成人英文寫作學習者的影響
作者:李利德
作者(外文):Li-Te Li
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:英文學系
指導教授:黃月貴
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:全語文主題探索式課程英語作為外語的學習成人學生英文寫作學習閱讀與寫作以學生為中心的學習解放型教育對話英文寫作成效英文寫作自信英文寫作焦慮全人教育以人為本的學習個案研究教師做為研究者的研究反思與成長弗雷勒羅傑斯whole languagetheme cyclesEFL writingadult EFL writersreading and writinglearner-centered learningeducation of liberationdialoguevoicewriting performancewriting confidencewriting anxietypersonal growth and empowermentwhole-person educationhumanistic learningcase studyteacher as researcherCarl RogersPaulo Freire
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本研究旨在探討成人英語文教育的實施,尤其是英文寫作的學習。以某國立大學夜間公教人員英語進修班的學生為研究對象,進行以學生為中心的主題式讀寫能力培養,為期一年,觀察學習過程及成效,並加以分析評估。
有鑒於過往國內英語文教學的僵化及過於注重支離破碎的語言分析,本研究以全語文(Whole Language)的理論為基礎,加上羅傑斯(Carl Rogers)以人為中心的教育理念,以及弗雷勒(Paulo Freire)的解放型教育(Education of Liberation),以期提供成人學習英語文讀寫的另一種嚐試。全語文強調語言的整體性及語言學習的不可分割性。認為語言學習的最佳狀態是聽、說、讀、寫同時並行,且完整的故事內容優於片段的單句練習。此外,全語文強調有意義的學習必須是學習內容與學生的背景、生活、興趣密切相關。同樣地,羅傑斯的人本主義教育觀,認為學習者是一切學習的中心,教學者應尊重學習者,視學習者為獨特的個體並充滿潛在的能力。弗雷勒(Paulo Freire)的解放型教育(Education of Liberation)也認為學習者有潛在的能力,尤其是成人學生。成人學生有豐富的人生經驗及專業背景,這些資源應被尊重。因此,學生可以是老師的老師,老師也可以是學生的學生。弗雷勒(Paulo Freire)主張學習應是一種持續對談的關係,學習者透過與自身、環境、社會的持續對談,思考、批判、並應用所學。基於上述的理論,不難認定英文寫作是學習者內在思想的呈現,而非單單字句組合的練習。寫作者必須對他想呈現的思想內容有興趣或有意見,才有可能竭盡所能搜尋恰當的字眼,以表達他的想法。因此,英文寫作課程是否也能提供這樣的學習彈性和空間,讓學習者選擇自己關注的議題,進行閱讀、討論、寫作分享,並在這過程中提升英文寫作的能力,就成為本研究的主要議題。
本研究中的公教人員讀寫課程為期一年。上學期學生依據自己的興趣、專業、關懷、及語言能力決定一主題,並環繞主題選擇適合自己的閱讀材料。讀後心得及相關見解以扎記、信件、留言版訊息、以及正式論文型態呈現,與同學和老師分享,並於期末做口頭報告。下學期全班共同閱讀與學生生活息息相關的英文暢銷書,一同討論、交換意見,閱讀心得同樣以不同類型呈現。所有正式論文均需修改至少兩次。學生的創作常是寫作架構分析的範本,學生因此從寫作中學寫作。
研究方法採質量並重。學習過程及成效分析,以學生整學年的學習歷程檔案(Portfolio)為主,輔以學年前後所填之「英文寫作自信」及「英文寫作焦慮」問卷調查,透過質化與量化的研究分析,檢測學生參加英文閱讀寫作班之前與之後,英文寫作能力是否提升?英文寫作自信是否增強?英文寫作焦慮是否減弱?甚至學生人格及內在性格是否因此潛移默化?
研究結果顯示,主題探索式課程提升學生英文寫作能力,包括內容更為豐富、組織架構更為完整、語言較為生動貼切、且呈現寫作者的聲音(voice)及獨特性(uniqueness)。同時,主題探索式課程增強學生的英文寫作自信,並舒緩英文寫作焦慮,學生不再視英文寫作為畏途,反而展現對英文寫作的喜愛。此外,以人為本且以學生為中心的主題探索式課程培養學生勇於嘗試的精神、強化學生反思的能力、並拓展關懷的視野。
本研究的目的不僅在於喚起寫作教學者對教材選用、授課方式、以及自主學習的省思,並強調語言學習的整體性、學習者的全人觀照、以及師生互重互信且持續不斷對談的重要性能,進而使英語文寫作教學者思索如何有效地應用此類以學生為中心、以主題式閱讀寫作為主軸的英語文教學於不同層級、背景、和能力的學生群中。
English learning is very popular in Taiwan. In addition to language schools for children, different courses are offered to adults who have left schools for years. Writing is one of them and is usually considered important to English proficiency. However, students are usually fond of listening and speaking classes but show their reluctance to attending a writing class. This tendency is a result of the way English is taught. The two major factors are the way of EFL writing instruction and materials selection.
The purpose of the study is to raise the awareness of the importance of relevant materials and to explore an alternative way of instruction to see what influences it might have on adult EFL writers. In order to highlight the importance of relevant materials, theories and philosophies focusing on authentic materials, learner-centered learning, and liberatory education have been reviewed, especially the concepts of whole language philosophy, the major concerns of Rogerian learning, and the central beliefs of Freirean education. The alternative way of instruction refers to theme cycles learning. Theme cycles value the process of learning and integrate various learning skills. It promotes learner-centered learning and makes learning relevant to learners’ interests and concerns.
An adult EFL reading and writing class, during the 2000-2001 school year, was the site for the study. This class was a Level 1 class of the Government Employees English Program (GEEP), sponsored by the language center of a national university in Taipei city. The class met once a week for three hours each time in a language lab. The participants in this study were 1 male and 7 female students. Their age ranged from 25 to 45 years old. Two of them held bachelor’s degrees and the other 6 had received their master’s degrees. The years of learning English varied, but most of them had little experience of learning English writing.
The research methods used in this study were ethnographic methods, case study, and teacher as researcher. The data were collected throughout the school year of 2000-2001, including individual portfolios (essays, journals, oral reports, etc.), questionnaires, final self-evaluation, e-mail correspondences (information exchange, informal interview, etc.), field notes (observation, interaction, etc.), and reflective journals. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were used in this study. The purpose of quantitative analysis was to investigate the writing performance and attitudes of the participants as a whole, while the purpose of qualitative analysis was to detail the changes individual made during the research study. To analyze essays, the comparison of means was applied for prompt writing drafts. The paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the data of participants’ writing attitudes obtained from pre-class and post-class questionnaires on writing self-efficacy and writing apprehension. Triangulation approach was used to investigate the transcribed and coded qualitative data. It is hoped that the combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis would provide a thorough investigation for this study.
The results of this study shows that in a whole-to-part and meaning-oriented learning environment, students improved language use as well as writing content and organization. When they were involved in a learner-centered theme cycles learning, students showed personal growth and empowerment. Not only was their writing confidence increased but their writing anxiety was also decreased. With the emphasis of dialogical way of learning, students cultivated critical thinking and presented their real voice in writing.
This study proves the efficacy of implementing whole-language-based theme cycles to an adult EFL reading-writing class. The future research can be done with different EFL learners, such as high school students, university English majors, or teachers in training programs. The study suggests the effect of dialogical way of learning, so it is worth further research to know what makes reciprocal dialogue possible. In addition, it is interesting to further investigate whether the teacher involved in a theme cycles curriculum also experiences personal growth and empowerment.
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