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題名：我國散裝航運公司船舶設籍與營運績效之分析
作者：鍾政棋 引用關係
作者(外文)：Cheng-Chi Chung
校院名稱：國立交通大學
系所名稱：交通運輸研究所
指導教授：黃承傳
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2004
主題關鍵詞：散裝船；傭船契約；船舶設籍；營運績效；散裝航運公司；Bulk carrier；Charter party；Vessel registration；Operational performance；Bulk-shipping firms
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航運相關產業中，近年來以散裝航運市場之變化最具挑戰性，其策略管理有別於定期航運領域。本研究主要內容係就我國散裝航運公司之立場，分析散裝航運船舶設籍與營運績效之問題。為深入剖析散裝航運公司之營運特性，本文首先探討散裝航運之傭船型態，透過法理案例與比較分析方法，論述傭船鏈之內容與型態。研究結果發現，散裝傭船型態之範疇，除論程傭船、論時傭船與船舶租賃三種基本型態外，應包含「船舶轉租」、「船舶轉傭」與「貨物轉傭」三種方式。要言之，散裝航運公司應以船舶與貨物為主體，除傳統傭船型態外，應交替運用轉租與轉傭之傭船策略，以有效提升市場競爭能力。
有關船舶設籍型態方面，本文結合層級分析法(AHP)及ANOVA統計檢定，剖析相關因素對我國散裝航運公司船舶設籍選擇之影響程度。研究結果顯示，影響散裝船舶設籍決策因素，不論是整體評估或分群評估，均以「降低營運成本」最為重要；其次為「配合市場環境」與「改善經營條件」；就評估準則而言，則是以「營運地區限制」為首要關鍵影響因素，其次較為重要因素依序為「船員成本」、「船員僱用來源」、「國內市場開放」、「資金籌措」及「稅捐負擔」等。
至於營運績效之評估部分，本文則結合資料包絡分析法(DEA)及統計分析方法，對我國五家股票上市散裝航運公司之營運績效加以分析比較。研究結果顯示，ROC船收入比率遠低於FOC船收入比率；ROC船載重噸與FOC船載重噸比率與航運收入比率之差異，相對則較為有限。依據視窗分析結果，航運公司營運型態若以長期論時傭船為主要營運方式，或握有貨物長期運送契約(COA)者，則其租金與運費收入相對穩定，可減低市場運價波動的直接影響。此外，散裝航運之經營有必要考量規模效率問題。
以上研究結果可提供散裝航運公司研擬營運策略之參考。另外，我國商船出籍比率呈現逐年增加之趨勢，其中又以散裝船設籍為權宜籍船之比率最高，而影響我國散裝船舶設籍選擇之關鍵因素，又以「營運地區限制」與「船員成本」最重要。因此如欲防止國輪船隊出籍，建議政府主管單位應針對上述關鍵因素研議適當的因應對策。
In the past few years, operation of bulk shipping has faced the severest challenge within the shipping related industries. The management of bulk shipping is different from liner shipping. The main context of this study is to examine the issues of vessel registration and operational performance of bulk-shipping firms in Taiwan. In order to analyze the operational characteristics of bulk shipping in depth, this study begins with exploring the operation patterns of bulk carriers and patterns of charter chains based on the analysis of regulation and case study. This study finds that the patterns of bulk charter should also include vessel sublet, vessel subcharter and cargo subcharter besides the three basic operations: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter of bulk carrier chartering. In other words, bulk carriers ought to focus on vessel and cargo, and apply chartering strategies of sublet and subcharter strategies alternately, in addition to traditional chartering patterns, to effectively improve its competitiveness.
For patterns of vessel registration, this study adopts Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ANOVA method to analyze degree of influence of related factors on vessel registration choice of Taiwan bulk shipping firms. The result indicates that reducing operational cost is the most important factor among all factors that influence registration decision making, followed by adapting to market environments and improving operational conditions. In terms of evaluation criteria, the key factor is trading area restriction. Other important factors are crew cost, crew supply, openness of domestic market, finance plan and tax burden.
Regarding with operational performance, this study adopts Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Statistical Analysis methods to evaluate operational performance of five local public bulk-shipping firms. The results of this study show that the vessel shipping revenue ratio of ROC is far bellow FOC. However, if we consider vessel deadweight tonnage against shipping revenue, the ratio difference becomes very limited between ROC and FOC vessels. Based on the results of Window Analysis, charter hire and freight revenue are relatively stable for bulk shipping firms who are mainly long-term T/C or COA, because their operation lowers the direct impact of market freight variations. It also reveals that it is necessary for bulk-shipping firms to consider the scale efficiency for more efficient operation.
The above findings provide a good reference for bulk-shipping firms in adopting proper operational strategy. Moreover, the flagging out ratio of national vessels in Taiwan has been increased year by year, in which bulk carriers have the highest ratio. Trading area restriction and crew cost are considered as the key influence factors to the bulk carrier’s vessel registration decisions. If it is desired to avoid flagging out of national vessels, it is suggested that proper measures must be taken to alleviate these key factors by government.
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案例部分
1. Cardiff S. S. Co. v. Bowring (1903) 122 F. 447 (2d Cir.).
2. Dampskibs Akt. Thor. v. Tropical Fruit Co. (1922) 281 F. 740 (2d Cir.).
3. Dunlop v. Selfridge [1915] AC 847.
4. Hyundai Corp. USA v. Hull Insurance Proceeds of The Vulca (1992) 800 F. Supp. 124.
5. Saxis S. S. Co., v. Multifacs International Trader Inc. (1967) 375 F. 2d 577.
6. The Amazonia [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 236.
7. The Banes (1915) 221 F. 416 (2d Cir.).
8. The Ely (1901) 110 F. 563, 570 (S.D.N.Y.).
9. The Fletcha [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 612.
10. The Hector [1998] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 287.
11. The Ines [1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 144.
12. The Starsin [2000] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 85.
13. The Stolt Loyalty [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 281.
14. Turner v. Haji Goolam [1904] AC 826.
 
 
 
 
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