|
Aaker, D.A. (1992) Developing Business Strategies. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Abernathy, W. and Utterback, J. (1978) ''Patterns of industrial innovation'', Technology Review 80(7): 40-47. Ahuja, G. (2000) ''The duality of collaboration: Inducements and opportunities in the formation of interfirm linkages'', Strategic Management Journal 21: 317-343. Albert, M.B., Avery, D., McAllister, P. and Narin, F. (1991) ''Direct validation of citation counts as indicators of industrially important patents'', Research Policy 20(3): 251-259. Anand, B.N. and Khanna, T. (2000) ''The structure of licensing contracts'', Journal of Industrial Economics 48(1): 103-135. Arino, A. (2003) ''Measures of strategic alliance performance: an analysis of construct validity'', Journal of International Business Studies 34(1): 66-79. Arora, A. and Gambardella, A. (1990) ''Complementarity and external linkages: the strategies of the large firms in biotechnology'', Journal of Industrial Economics 38(4): 361-379. Arrow, K.J. (1962) Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources to Invention. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Audretsch, D.B. and Stephan, P.E. (1996) ''Company-Scientist locational links: the case of biotechnology'', American Economic Review 86(3): 641-652. Baranson, J. (1990) ''Transnational strategic alliances: why, what, where and how'', Multinational Business 2: 54-61. Barley, S., Freeman, J. and Hybels, R. (1992) Strategic Alliances in Commercial Biotechnology. In Nohria, N. and Eccles, R. G. (Eds), Networks and Organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Barney, J.B. (1991) ''Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage'', Journal of Management 17: 99-120. Barney, J.B. (1997) Gaining & Sustaining Competitive Advantage: Addison-WesIey Publishing Company. Bartholomew, S. (1997) ''National systems of biotechnology innovation: complex interdependence in the global system'', Journal of International Business Studies 28(2): 241-266. Baum, J.T., Calabrese, T. and Silverman, B.S. (2000) ''Don''t go it alone: alliance network composition and startups'' performance in Canadian biotechnology'', Strategic Management Journal 21: 267-294. Bergh, D.D. (1993) ''Don''t "waste" your time: The effects of time series errors in management research'', Journal of Management 19(4): 897-914. Bills, K. (2004) ''A Guide to Licensing Biotechnology'', les Nouvelles 41(2): 86~94. Birkinshaw, J. (1997) ''Entrepreneurship in multinational corporations: the characteristics of subsidiary initiatives'', Strategic Management Journal 18(3): 207-229. Birkinshaw, J. (2000) Enterpreneurship in the Global Firm. London: Sage. Bower, D.J. (1992) Company and Campus Partnerships. London: Routledge. Bray, M.J. and Lee, J.N. (2000) ''University revenues from technology transfer: licensing fees vs. equity position'', Journal of Business Venturing 15: 385-392. Breitzman, A., Thomas, P. and Cheney, M. (2002) ''Technological Powerhouse or Diluted Competence: Techniques for Assessing Mergers via Patent Analysis'', R&D Management 32(1): 1-10. Case, J. (1992) From The Ground Up: The Resurgence of American Entrepreneurship. New York: Simon & Schuster. Caves, R.E. and Porter, M.E. (1977) ''From entry barriers to mobility barriers: conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition'', Quarterly Journal of Economics 91: 241-259. Chi, T. (1994) ''Trading in strategic resources: necessary conditions, transaction cost problems, and choice of exchange structure'', Strategic Management Journal 15: 271-290. Chiesa, V. and Toletti, G. (2004) ''Network of Collaborations for Innovation: The Case of Biotechnology'', Econ. Innov. New Techn. 13(3). Christensen, C.M. (1997) The Innovator''s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail: Harvard Business School Press. Cockburn, I., Henderson, R. and Stern, S. (1999) ''The diffusion of science driven drug discovery: Organizational change in pharmaceutical research'', Working paper 7359 National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Cockburn, I.M., Henderson, R.M. and Stern, S. (2000) ''Untangling the origins of competitive advantage'', Strategic Management Journal 21: 1123-1145. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990) '' Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation'', Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 128-152. Cohen, W.M., Nelson, R.R. and Walsh, J.P. (2000). Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not). Paper presented at NBER Working Paper No. W7552. Contractor, F.J. and Lorange, P. (1988) Cooperative Strategies in International Business. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Cooke, P. (2003) ''Biotechnology clusters,''Big Pharma'' and the knowledge-driven economy'', Int. J. Technology Management 25(1/2): 65-80. Cool, K. and Shendel, D. (1987) ''Strategic group formation and performance: The case of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry 1963-1982'', Management Science 33: 1102-1124. Cooper, D.R. and Emory, C.W. (1995) Business Research Methods. 5th ed: Irwin. Coriat, B., Orsi, F. and Weinstein, O. (2003) ''Does biotech reflect a new science-based innovation regime?'' Industry and Innovation 10(3): 231-253. Danzon, P.M., Epstein, A. and Nicholson, S. (2004) ''Mergers and Acquisitions in the Pharmaceutical and Biotech Industries'', NBER Working Paper Series, paper 10536: 1-45. Deeds, D.L. and Hill, C.W.L. (1996) ''Strategic alliances and the rate of new product. development: an empirical study of entrepreneurial biotechnology firms'', Journal of. Business Venturing 11: 41-55. Demsetz, H. (1991) The Theory of the Firm Revisited. In Winter, W. (Ed), The Nature of the Firm. New York: Oxford University Press. Devlin, G. and Bleackley, M. (1988) ''Strategic alliances: guidelines for success'', Long Range Planning 21(5): 18–23. DiMasi, J.A., Hansen, R.W. and Grabowski, H.G. (2003) ''The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs'', Journal of Health Economics 22(2): 151-185. Dorris, G.C. and Rosener, J.D. (2003) ''One world, many regulations'', Pharmaceutical Executive 23(3): 74-85. Drucker, P. (1993) Post-capitalist Society. New York: Harper Collins. Drucker, P.F. (2002) Managing in the Next Society: Beyond the Information Revolution: St. Martin''s Press. Dunning, J.H. (1981) International Production and the Multinational Enterprise. New York: Allen & Unwin. Dunning, J.H. (1993) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. London: Addison-Wesley. Dyer, J.H. (1996) ''Does governance matter? Keiretsu alliances and asset specificity as source of Japanese competitive adavntage'', Organization Science 7: 649-666. Dyer, J.H. (1997) ''Effective interfirm collaboration: how firms minimize transaction costs and maximize transaction value'', Strategic Management Journal 18(7): 535-556. Dyer, J.H. and Singh, H. (1998) ''The relational view: cooperative strategy and sources of inter-organizational competitive advantage'', Academy of Management Review 23(4): 660-679. Edwards, M.G., Murray, F. and Yu, R. (2003) ''Value creation and sharing among universities, biotechnology and pharmap'', Nature Biotechnology 21(6): 618-624. Ergas, H. (1987) Does Technology Policy Matter? . In Guile, B. R. and Books, H. (Eds), Technology and Global Industry: Companies and Nations in the World Economy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Ernst&Young (1988) Biotech 89: Commercialization. San Francisco, CA: Ernst & Young. Fiegenbaum, A. and Thomas, H. (1995) ''Strategic groups as reference groups: theory, modeling and empirical examination of industry and competitive strategy'', Strategic Management Journal 13: 461-476. Fildes, R.A. (1990) ''Strategic challenges in commercializing biotechnology'', California Management Review Spring: 63-72. Fleming, L. and Sorenson, O. (2001) ''Technology as a complex adaptive system: evidence from patent data'', Research Policy 30: 1019-1039. Folta, T. (1998) ''Governance and uncertainty: the tradeoff between administrative control and commitment'', Strategic Management Journal 19(11): 1007–1028. Forrest, J.E. (1996) ''Japanese/U.S. technological competitveness and strategic alliances in the biotechnology industry'', R&D Management 26(2): 141-154. Forrest, J.E. and Martin, M.J.C. (1992) ''Strategic alliances between large and small research intensive organization in the biotechnology industry'', R&D Management 22(1): 41-53. Foss, N.J. (1993) ''Theories of the firm: contractual and competence perspectives'', Journal of Evolutionary Economics 3(2): 127-144. Foster, R. and Kaplan, S. (2001) Creative Destruction: Why Companies that Are Built to Last Underperform the Market---and How to Successfully Transform Them. New York: Currency Books. Gimeno, J. (2004) ''Competition within and between networks: The contingent effect of competitive embeddedness on alliance formation'', Academy of Management Journal 47: 820-842. Ginarte, J.C. and Park, W.G. (1997) ''Determinants of patent rights: Across-national study'', Research Policy 26: 283-301. Grabowski, H. and Vernon, J. (1992) ''Brand loyalty, entry and price competition in pharmaceuticals after the 1984 Drug Act'', Journal of Law and Economics 35(2): 351-360. Grant, R. (1996) ''Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm'', Strategic Management Journal Winter Special Issue: 109-122. Grant, R.M. (1991) ''The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation'', California Management Review 33(3): 114-135. Grant, R.M. (1996) ''Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments: organizational capability as knowledge integration'', Organization Science 17(4): 375-387. Grupp, H. (1996) ''Spillover effects and the science base of innovations reconsidered: an empirical approach'', Journal of Evolutionary Economics 6: 175–197. Gulati, R. (1995) ''Social structure and alliance formation patterns: a longitudinal analysis'', Administrative Science Quarterly 40: 619-652. Gulati, R. and Higgins, M.C. (2003) ''Which ties matter when? The contingent effects of interorganizational partnerships on IPO success'', Strategic Management Journal 24(2): 127-144. Gulati, R. and Singh, H. (1998) ''The architecture of cooperation: managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances'', Administrative Science Quarterly 43: 781-814. Gulati, R. and Sytch, M. (2007) ''Dependence asymmetry and joint dependence in interorganizational relationships: Effects of embeddedness on exchange performance'', Administrative Science Quarterly 52: 32-69. Hagedoorn, J. (1990) ''Organizational modes of inter-firm cooperation and technology transfer'', Technovation 10: 17-30. Hagedoorn, J. (1993) ''Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: Interorganizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences'', Strategic Management Journal 14(5): 371-385. Hagedoorn, J. (2002) ''Inter-firm R&D partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960'', Research Policy 31: 477-492. Hamel, G. (1991) ''Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliances'', Strategic Management Journal 12: 83-103. Harrigan, K. (1985) Strategies for Joint Ventures: Lexington Books. Henderson, R. and Cockburn, I. (1994) ''Measuring competence? exploring firm effects in. pharmaceutical research'', Strategic Management Journal 15: 63-84. Hennart, J.-F. (1988) ''A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures'', Strategic Management Journal 9: 361-374. Higgins, M.J. 2004. The allocation of control rights in pharmaceutical alliances Department of Finance J. Mack Robinson College of Business. Howarth, C.S. (1994) ''The role of strategic alliances in the development of technology'', Technovation 14(4): 243-257. Hult, G.T.M., Jr, D.J.K. and Slater, S.F. (2002) ''A longitudinal study of the learning climate and cycle time in supply chains'', The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 17(4): 302-323. Hunt, R.M. (1999) ''Patent reform: a mixed blessing for the U.S. economy?”'', Business Review November/December: 15-29. Hymer, S.H. (1976) The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: The MIT Press. James, B.G. (1985) ''Alliance : the new strategic focus'', Long Range Planning 18(3): 76-81. Kenny, M. (1986) Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven: Yale University Press. Killing, J. (1983) Strategies for Joint Venture Success. New York: Praeger. Kim, C. and Inkpen, A.C. (2005) ''Cross-border R&D alliances, absorptive capacity and technology learning'', Journal of International Management 11: 313-329. Klevorick, A.K., Levin, R.C., Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1995) ''On the sources and significance of interindustry differences in technological opportunities '', Research Policy 24: 185-205. Kneller, R. (2003) ''Autarkic drug discovery in Japanese pharmaceutical companies:insights into national differences in industrial innovation'', Research Policy 32(10): 1805-1827. Knight, F.H. (2002) Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Washington, D.C.: Beard Books. Kogut, B. (1988) ''Joint ventures: theoretical and empirical perspectives'', Strategic Management Journal 9: 319-332. Kotabe, M., Dunlap-Hinkler, D., Parente, R. and Mishra, H.A. (2007) ''Determinants of cross-national knowledge transfer and its effect on firm innovation'', Journal of International Business Studies 38(2): 259-282. Krubasik, E. and Lautenschlager, H. (1993) Forming Successful Strategic Alliance in High-Tech Business. In Blecke, J. and Ernst, D. (Eds), Collaborating To Compete-using Strategic Alliance and Acquisitions in the Global Marketplace. New York: Wiley. Kuhn, T. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Lee, J. and Mansfield, E. (1996) ''Intellectual property protection and U.S. foreign direct investment'', Review of Economics and Statistics 78: 181–186. Lerner, J. (1994) ''The importance of patent scope: an empirical analysis'', RAND Journal of Economics 25(2): 319-333. Lewis, J.D. (1990) Partnerships for profit: structuring and managing strategic alliances. New York: Free Press. Liebeskind, J.P., Oliver, A.L., Zucker, L.G. and Brewer, M. (1996) ''Social Networks, Learning and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms'', Organization Science 7. Liu, M. 2007. A cross-country index of intellectual property rights for pharmaceutical innovations: University of Hawaii-Manoa. Lorange, P. and Roos, J. (1992) Strategic Alliance: Formation, Implementation and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell. Lorenzoni, G. and Lipparini, A. (1999) ''The leveraging of interfirm relationships as a distinctive organizational capability: A longitudinal study'', Strategic Management Journal 20: 317-338. Lynch, R.P. (1989) The Practical Guide to Joint Venture and Corporate Alliances. New York: John Willey & Sons. Magsaysay, J. (1989) ''Why compete? collaborate!'' World Executive Digest 8(6): 30-34. Mahoney, J.T. and Pandian, R. (1992) ''The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management'', Strategic Management Journal 13(June): 363-380. Mariti, P. and Smiley, R.H. (1983) ''Cooperative agreements and the organization of industry'', Journal of Industrial Economics 31(1): 437-451. Marsili, O. (2001) Anatomy and Evolution of Industries: Technological Change and Industrial Dynamics: Edward Elgar. Moore, G.A. (1991) Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling High-Technology Products to Mainstream Customers. New York: Harper Business. Mowery, D.C., Oxley, J.E. and Silverman, B.S. (1996) ''Strategic alliances and inter-firm knowledge transfer'', Strategic Management Journal 17: 77-91. Muralidharan, R. and Phatak, A. (1999) ''International R&Dactivity of US MNCs: an empirical study with implications forhost government policy'', Multinational Business Review 7(2): 97–105. Murray, E.A. and J.F.Mahon (1993) ''Strategic alliances: gateway to the new Europe'', Long Range Planning 26(4): 102-111. Myers, S.C. (1977) ''Determinants of corporate borrowing'', Journal of Financial Economics 5(6): 147-175. Narin, F., Noma, E. and Perry, R. (1987) ''Patents as indicators of corporate technological strength'', Research Policy 16: 143-155. Nelson, R.R. (1996) The Source of Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press. OECD (2006) Innovation in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-Comparing National Innovation System at the Sectoral Level. Paris, France: OECD. Ohame, K. (1989) ''The golbal logic of strategic alliances'', Harvard Business Review Mar/Apr: 143-154. Oliver, A.L. (2001) ''Strategic alliances and the learning life-cycle of biotechnology firms'', Organization Studies 22(3): 467–489. Oxley, J.E. (1999) ''Institutional environment and the mechanisms of governance: the impact of intellectual property protection on the structure of inter-firm alliances'', Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 38(3): 283-309. Oxley, J.E. and Sampson, R.C. (2004) ''The scope and governance of international R&D alliances'', Strategic Management Journal 25: 723-749. Parkhe, A. (1991) ''Interfirm diversity, organizational learning and longevity in global strategic alliances'', Journal of International Business Studies 22: 570-601. Pavitt, K. (1998) ''The social shaping of the national science base'', Research Policy 27(8): 793-805. Penner-Hahn, J. and Shaver, J.M. (2005) ''Does International Research and Development Increase Patent Output? An Analysis of Japanse Pharmaceutical Firms'', Strategic Management Journal 26: 121-140. Penrose, E. (1995) The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. 3 ed. UK: Oxford University Press. Pfeffer, J. and Nowak, P. (1976) ''Joint ventures and interorganizational interdependence'', Administrative Science Quarterly 21: 398-418. Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G.R. (1978) The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row. Phene, A., Fladmoe-Lindquist, K. and Marsh, L. (2006) ''Breakthrough innovations in the U.S. biotechnology industry: The effects of. technological space and geographic origin'', Strategic Management Journal 27(4): 369-388. Pisano, G. (1989) ''Using equity participation to support exchange: evidence form the biotechnology industry'', Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 5: 109-126. Pisano, G. (1991) ''The governance of innovation: vertical integration and collaborative arrangements in the biotechnology industry'', Research Policy 20: 237-249. Pisano, G. 2006. Can science be a business? lessons from biotech, Harvard Business Review. Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press. Porter, M.E. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press. Porter, M.E. (1991) ''Towards a dynamic theory of strategy'', Strategic Management Journal 12(Winter Special Issue): 95-117. Porter, M.E. and Fuller, R. (1986) Competition on Global Industries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press. Powell, W.W. (1999) ''The social construction of an organizational field: the case of biotechnology'', International Journal of Biotechnology 1(1): 42-66. Powell, W.W., Koput, K.W. and Smith-Doerr, L. (1996) ''Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: networks of learning in biotechnology'', Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 116-145. Ramani, S.V. and Looze, M.-A. (2002) ''Country-specific characteristics of patent applications in France, Germany and the UK in the biotechnology sectors'', Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 14(4): 457-480. Reuer, J.J. (2004) Strategic Alliances : Theory and Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reuer, J.J., Zollo, M. and Singh, H. (2002) ''Post-formation dynamics in strategic alliances'', Strategic Management Journal 23(2): 135-151. Root, F.R. (1988) Some Taxonomies of International Cooperative Arrangements. In Contractor, F. J. and Lorange, P. (Eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business. Toronto: Lexington. Rothaermel, F.T. (2001) ''Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent''s advantage: an empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry'', Research Policy 30: 1235-1251. Rothaermel, F.T. and Deeds, D.L. (2004) ''Eeploration and exploitation alliances in biotechnology: a system of new product development'', Strategic Management Journal 25: 201-221. Rowley, T., Behrens, D. and Krackhardt, D. (2000) ''Redundant governance structures: An analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries'', Strategic Management Journal 21: 369-386. Santoro, M.D. and McGill, J.P. (2005) ''The effect of uncertainty and asset co-specialization on governance in biotechnology alliances'', Strategic Management Journal 26: 1261-1296. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934) Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schumpeter, J.A. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row. Shan, W. and Hamilton, W. (1991) ''Country-specific advantage and international cooperation'', Strategic Management Journal 12(6): 419-432. Shan, W., Walker, G. and Kogut, B. (1994) ''Interfirm cooperation and startup innovation in the biotechnology industry'', Strategic Management Journal 15: 387-394. Shane, S. (2004) ''Encouraging University Entrepreneurship? The Effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on University Patenting in the United States'', Journal of Business Venturing 19(1): 127~151. Singh, K. and Mitchell, W. (1996) ''Precarious collaboration: Business survival after partners shut down or form new partnerships'', Strategic Management Journal 17: 99-115. Sorensen, J. and Stuart, T. (2000) ''Aging, obsolescence and organizational innovation'', Administrative Science Quarterly 45: 81–112. Spender, J.-C. (1996) ''Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm'', StrategicManagement Journal 17: 45-62. Steensma, H. and Corley, K. (2001) ''Organizational context as a moderator of theories on firm boundaries for technology sourcing'', Academy of Management Journal 44: 271-291. Stuart, T. (1998) ''Network positions and propensities to collaborate: An investigation of strategic alliance formation in a high-technology industry'', Administrative Science Quarterly 43: 668-698. Suarez-Villa, L. (2004) ''Collaboration in biotechnology: how inter-firm relations strengthen research efforts in the USA'', International Journal of Technology Management 27(5): 452 - 464. Swann, J.P. (1988) Academic Scientists and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Cooperative. Research in Twentieth-Century America. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Tapon, F. and Thong, M. (1999) ''Research collaborations by multi-national research oriented pharmaceutical firms: 1988-1997'', R&D Management 29(3): 219-231. Teece, D.J. (1986) ''Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy'', Research Policy 15: 285-305. Thomke, S. and Kuemmerle, W. (2002) ''Asset accumulation, interdependence and technological change: evidence from pharmaceutical drug discovery'', Strategic Management Journal 23: 619-635. Thumm, N. (2002) ''Europe''s Construction of a Patent System for Biotechnological Inventions: An Assessment of Industry Views'', Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69(9): 917-928. Trajtenberg, M. (1990) ''A penny for your quotes: patent citations and the value of innovations'', Rand Journal of Economy 21(1): 172-187. Van den Bosch, F.A.J., Volberda, H.W. and Boer, M.d. (1999) ''Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment: Organization forms and combinative capabilities'', Organization Science 10(5): 551-568. Varsakelis, N.C. (2001) ''The impact of patent protection, economy openness and national culture on R&D investment: a cross-country empirical investigation '', Research Policy 30: 1059–1068. Williamson, O.E. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implication. New York: Free Press. Williamson, O.E. (1981) ''The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach'', American Journal of Sociology 87: 548-577. Williamson, O.E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: The Free Press. Williamson, O.E. (1999) ''Strategic research: governance and corporate perspectives'', Strategic Management Journal 20: 1087-1108. Wolff, G. (2001) The Biotech investor''s Bible: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Yoshino, M.Y. and Rangan, U.S. (1995) Strategic Alliance: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalization. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Zajac, E.J. and Olsen, C.P. (1993) ''From transaction cost to transaction value analysis: implications for the study of inter-organizational strategies'', Journal of Management Studies 30: 131-145. Zucker, L.G., Darby, M.R. and Armstrong, J.S. (1998) ''Geographically localized knowledge: spillovers or markets?'' Economic Inquiry 36: 65-86. Zuckerman, H.S. and D''Aunno, T.A. (1990) ''Hospital alliances: cooperative strategy in a competitive environment'', Health Care Management Review 15(2): 21-30.
|