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題名:馬來西亞華語語音音韻研究
作者:黃婷
作者(外文):Huang, Ting
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:語言學研究所
指導教授:謝豐帆
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:馬來西亞華語語言接觸假顎圖非全面化對立消失元音縮減第五聲Malaysian Mandarinlanguage contactpalatographyincomplete neutralizationvowel reductionTone 5
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本論文旨在系統性地研究馬來西亞華語的語音特點。本研究指出其語音變異與母語遷移、多語接觸(如馬來語、英語)息息相關,使當地華語的音系對比有增生與中和之勢,形成有別於漢語普通話的區域性口音。我們分別利用假顎圖、舌面圖和聲學分析完整記錄輔音(特別是舌冠音)的發音部位、母音和聲調系統。
輔音的研究結果顯示馬來西亞華語擦音與塞擦音的三向對立正逐漸消失,年輕語者常將前顎擦音[ɕ]發為發音部位偏前的變體[ɕ̘],男性語者則有捲舌音與非捲舌音不分的趨勢。然此對立化消失的現象尚未全面化,從頻譜動差分析中仍可觀察到對立間微幅的差異,不同的韻母環境可增強音位對立的關係。
母音的研究結果顯示馬來西亞華語的母音受到母語福建話的影響,帶有捲舌成分的央母音[ə˞]和成音節性近似音[ɻ̩]已然消失,低母音[a]和後高母音[u]則無舌頭表面的接觸。母音空間的縮小使得閉音節中的「母音央化」程度並不顯著。部分複合母音常有單母音化的傾向。本研究亦觀察到複合母音末尾音段舌位高低有不到位現象,我們認為其非肇因於音長縮減,乃是韻首與韻尾的構音關係鬆散,偏向非同步關係(anti-phase)所致。
聲調的研究結果顯示馬來西亞華語受到馬來語的影響,高平調消失,曲折調平整化,句尾常伴隨邊界高調。同時,可能是受到福建話入聲音節的影響,馬來西亞華語產生一個新的聲調類型—帶有喉塞音韻尾的高降調第五聲。輕聲則多出現於虛詞,除時長顯著較短外,其基頻體現因不同韻律階層而有所差異
This dissertation investigates the phonetic characterization of speech sounds in Malaysian Mandarin (MM), revealing that some regionally colored accent is attributed to L1 transfer effect and extensive language contact with Malay (and English). The articulatory and/or the acoustic analyses were carried out to document the place of articulation for the coronal consonants of MM, along with the vowel and tonal system. There are three principal findings. First, the three-way contrast of sibilants in MM are incompletely neutralized: (i) the “palatal” x derives another anterior variant [ɕ̘], whose contact location is similar to that of [s]; (ii) the “retroflex” and “non-retroflex” contrasts are less distinct in their articulatory features, but not in their acoustic properties. The sibilant variants are found to be contextually conditioned.
Second, vowel qualities of MM are very different. The post-alveolar syllabic approximant [ɻ̩] and the rhotacized [ə˞] are absent in MM; [a] and [u] are vowels without lingual contacts. The phonetic reduction (or centralization) is not significant in closed syllables, but it is obvious in the final element of diphthongs and triphthongs, because the non-final segment are in in-phase relation with the preceding onset and are more resistant to phonetic reduction (or, target undershoot).
Finally, MM has a compressed tone space due to influences from Malay that only contrasts H and L. The compressed tone space leads to the absence of the high level tone and the contour leveling in MM. More importantly, a new tone is introduced in MM, bearing a structural resemblance to checked tones of Hokkien. Neutral tones mostly occur in functional morphemes, which have various tonal realizations depending on different prosodic structures.
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