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題名：粵北土話小稱詞之優選理論研究
作者：鄭明中 引用關係
作者(外文)：Ming-chung Cheng
校院名稱：國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱：英語學系
指導教授：鍾榮富　
王備五　
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2006
主題關鍵詞：粵北土話；小稱；小稱變調；喉塞音；喉塞化；優選理論；制約；輸出-輸出對應；歷時音韻演變；Yuebei Tuhua；diminutive；diminutive tone change；glottal stop；glottalization；optimality theory；constraint；output-to-output correspondence；diachronic phonological change
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　　近一、二十年來，諸多文獻試著論述漢語方言中的小稱詞；但絕大部分的文獻卻只專注在個別方言小稱詞特徵的陳述與描述性資料的蒐集，相較於小稱詞的理論研究可謂是少之又少。為了彌補這種理論上的缺憾，本研究因而採用優選理論來分析粵北土話小稱詞的形成，並兼談粵北土話中的中塞式小稱，在漢語東南方言小稱發展中所扮演的角色。本研究總共分成六章，各章的內容摘要如下:
　　第一章，首先描述粵北土話區的移民史，地理位置及其語言的特性。本章亦對漢語方言小稱詞的普遍性認知有所著墨，包括漢語方言小稱詞的形成方式及其在句法、構詞、語意、語用上的功能。最後簡介優選理論，包括優選理論的架構、輸出-輸出對應制約（output-to-output correspondence）、聲調制約及優選理論在歷史語言學中所扮演的角色。
　　第二章，回顧粵北土話小稱詞的相關文獻。粵北土話小稱詞的形成方式，主要是透過喉塞音的增生與小稱變調。首先討論粵北土話中的三種小稱形式（中塞式、後塞式及舒化式，其間的區分主要是依據喉塞音出現位置或喉塞音出現與否），並探討粵北土話小稱詞在用字當中所出現的位置，及其句法、語意、語用上的功能。最後再討論這三種粵北土話小稱詞歷時演變的順序，並指出中塞式小稱出現的時間最早，後塞式次之，舒化式則是最晚出現的小稱形式。
　　第三章，主要是透過優選理論來分析解釋粵北土話小稱詞中喉塞音出現位置的不同，並提出一組分析上共用的制約。本章詳細說明喉塞音出現位置上的差異，乃導因於相同制約的不同排序。最後從二個輸出-輸出對應制約（CONTIGUITY-BD與DEP-BD）的互動為出發點，探討喉塞音出現位置的歷時演變與優選理論中制約排序的關係。結果發現喉塞音出現位置的演變（中塞式→後塞式→舒化式）與CONTIGUITY-BD和DEP-BD二個制約在制約排序中的逐步提升有著密切的關係，說明了優選理論中的制約排序可以充分反映出音韻的歷時變化。再者，喉塞音出現位置的歷時變化，也反映出粵北土話小稱詞的演化是從「有標」結構轉變到「無標」結構的傾向。
　　第四章，從優選理論的角度，探討粵北土話小稱調在優選理論分析架構下的選取方式。一開始先討論聲母清濁與調域之間的關係（清高濁低；清聲母/高調域；濁聲母/低調域）。粵北土話小稱調的調域，取決於中古漢語聲母的清濁與OCP效應。其次，列舉出分析粵北土話小稱調的調域與調形所需的制約，並進一步利用這些制約來將粵北土話的小稱調作類型上的分類。由本章的分析顯示，這些制約間的互動呼應了語言的歷時演變及傳統聲韻學的概念。最後以探討喉塞音、高調及小稱詞之間的三角關係作為本章結束。
　　第五章，討論粵北土話小稱詞在漢語東南方言小稱發展中的角色。本章一開始先回顧東南方言中二種常見的小稱型式（鼻化小稱與喉塞化小稱），並對比這二種小稱型式的歷時演變過程。陳忠敏（1992b, 1999）主張在喉塞化小稱的演變過程中，存在著一個無法在共時平面上找到支持的過渡階段*CVk。本章則進一步探討這個過渡階段的小稱型式（*CVk）不可能出現在閩、吳語裡，並從響度（sonority）的觀點對比*CVk與CVN（鼻化小稱的過渡階段）的不同。最後，基於喉塞音出現的中介位置及其特殊的發音特徵，本章認為中塞式小稱應被視為喉塞化小稱發展過程中的過渡階段。
　　第六章，總結本研究的主要發現，並對往後的研究提出相關的建議。
For one or two decades, a great body of literature has made an attempt on the discussion of diminutives in Chinese dialects. However, most literature is concerned with characteristics of diminutives in individual dialects and with descriptive data collections. Theoretical studies of diminutives are rare. To better this theoretical weakness, this study aims to explore diminutives in Yuebei Tuhua (YBTH) in terms of optimality theory (OT) and to explore the roles played by YBTH diminutives in the development of diminutives in the southeastern Chinese dialects (SECDs). This study consists of six chapters, each of which is outlined as follows.
Chapter One fisrt sketches the immigration history, the geographic location and the linguistic features of YBTH. Then the general knowledge about diminutives in Chinese dialects (i.e. the formation and functions of diminutives) is also presented. This chapter ends in a discussion of optimality theory, inclusive of its framework, output-to-output correspondence, related tonal constraints, and the role of OT in historical linguistics and diachronic phonological changes.
Chapter Two is concerned with the literature related to diminutives in YBTH and their formation in terms of tone and/or rime changes. Diminutives in YBTH with different types of glottal stop insertion (GSI) are first explored, followed by a review of the lexical distribution of YBTH diminutives and the pragmatic, semantic and morphological/syntactic functions they possess. Finally, this chapter concludes with an examination of the diachronic order among different types of GSI. It shows that diminutives in YBTH evolve from middle-GSI, then final-GSI, to no-GSI.
Chapter Three is devoted to OT analyses of different types of GSI in YBTH diminutives, and proposes a common set of faithfulness and markedness constraints. It is clearly stated that different types of GSI result from different rankings imposed on the same constraints. This chapter ends in a discussion of historical evolvement from middle-GSI to no-GSI in terms of two output-to-output correspondence constraints, CONTIGUITY-BD and DEP-BD. This chapter also clarifies that the evolving order from middle-GSI to no-GSI derives from the gradual raises of CONTIGUITY-BD and DEP-BD as far as constraint rankings are concerned.
Chapter Four sheds light on OT analyses of the ways how different diminutive tones (DTs) in YBTH diminutives are picked out. This chapter focuses first on the general relationship between onset voicing and tonal registers in Chinese phonology (voiceless onsets/ high-registered tones; voiced onsets/low-registered tones). Tonal registers of DTs depend on onset voicing in Middle Chinese. Such a relationship, together with an effect of Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP), is crucial to the selection of tonal registers of DTs in YBTH. Also explored in this chapter are constraints responsible for tonal shapes of DTs. By constraint interactions, the typology of DTs in YBTH is provided. This chapter also indicates that constraint interactions of tonal registers and tonal shapes of DTs in YBTH reflect diachronic language changes and some widely-attested traditions in Chinese phonology. Last, this chapter concludes with a discussion of the triangular relationship between the glottal stop, high DTs and diminutives in YBTH and in the SECDs.
Chapter Five concentrates on the role played by diminutives in YBTH and in the SECDs. Two types of diminutives which widely exist in the SECDs are first reviewed. Then, it will be further argued that *CVk, a transitional stage proposed by Chen (1992b, 1999), seems to be impossible. The asymmetry between *CVk and CVN (the transitional stage of another kind of diminutives) is recounted as far as sonority is concerned. Finally, because of the inter glottal stop and its special articulatory characteristic, middle-GSI diminutives in YBTH can be viewed as the transitional stage. The two developing patterns of diminutives in the SECDs are presented at the end of this chapter.
Chapter Six concludes the major findings of this study. Suggestions for further research are also provided.
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