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題名:反恐行動與國際法--戰爭法的新課題
書刊名:臺灣國際法季刊
作者:林正順
作者(外文):Lin, Cheng-Shun
出版日期:2006
卷期:3:2
頁次:頁131-163
主題關鍵詞:國際法戰爭法恐怖主義反恐國際人道法International lawLaw of warTerrorismAnti-terrorismInternational humanitarian law
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在2001年9月11日的恐怖攻擊事件後,美國總統布希將此種恐怖攻擊定義為「新戰爭」,給人一種宛如以美國為首的諸國軍隊,正在與賓•拉登及其所指揮之「恐怖份子」進行「戰爭」的印象。布希總統的該項發言具有宣傳的效用,雖然欠缺法律上的正確性,但此事件無疑地超越以往國際法所想定之國家與恐怖組織間的關係。由於恐怖組織屬於「私人性質」,其所進行的攻擊行動等政治暴力,與透過國家機關所進行的戰鬥行為截然不同,故就法律體制的意義而言,反恐行動與國際法的關係是十分特殊。首先,國際法的主體是國家,頂多包括國際組織或個人這種限定性的主體,因此對於「恐怖組織」甚至更低層次的「私人武裝組織」在國際法上如何定位,是必須討論的問題。其次,傳統的戰爭法僅規範由國家正規軍所進行的暴力行為,並不將由私人組織所進行之暴力行為視為適用對象,而僅將其認定為一般犯罪。但時至今日,原本僅設定以主權國家間的武力紛爭為適用範圍的戰爭法,其適用範圍已逐漸擴大至國家與叛亂者等「非國家主體」之間的武力衝突,或是「非國家主體」與「非國家主體」之間的軍事衝突。同時,既然國家與非國家機關之武裝集團間的武力衝突可以適用戰爭法,而在國與國之間的武力紛爭中,也有不屬於國家軍隊的非正規軍的活動,而目前的恐怖組織甚至擁有不遜於主權國家的破壞能力,故而恐怖組織與戰爭法的關係,已經不能單純用「私人性質的恐怖犯罪」與「正式戰爭」來區分,或是區別為「國家所進行的戰爭」與「私人組織所進行的恐怖活動」。在此種狀況下,國際法或是戰爭法應如何定位恐怖主義呢?特別是戰爭法賦予正規軍進行合法戰鬥行為的權利,而現代國際社會中的恐怖組織是否也能認可其進行合法戰鬥行為的權利,由於其與戰爭法間的關係如此複雜,我們是否能將類似的行為明確區分為合乎戰爭法中的合法行為與違反國際法的恐怖犯罪呢?究竟恐怖組織是否適用戰爭法?恐怖組織成員能否適用戰爭法?這些國際法對恐怖犯罪之規範都是本文討論的問題。
After the 911 terrorist attacks, the President of America, Bush defined this terrorist attack as a 'new war'. Owing to terrorist organizations being of a 'private nature', the attack was the same as political violence, which is totally different from the hostilities held by state agencies. Speaking in terms of the legal system, the relationship between anti-terrorism and International Law is very special. Can we give rights to terrorist organizations in modern international society to have the right to legitimately fight? Can we clearly divide similar acts into 'legal acts conforming to Law of War' and 'terrorist crime against International Law'? Are terrorist organizations included in the Law of War? Are members of terrorist organizations suitable for the Law of War? The standards of International Law concerning terrorist crime will be the subjects we discuss in this essay.
期刊論文
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2.Greenwood, C.(1989)。Terrorism and Humanitarian Law: The Debate over Additional Protocol 1。Israel Yearbook on Human Rights,19,194。  new window
3.Oeter, S.(1989)。Terrorism and Wars of National Liberation from a Law of War Perspective: Traditional Patterns and Recent Trends。Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht,49(3),446。  new window
4.Verwey, W. D.(1981)。The International Hostages Convention and National Liberation Movements。American Journal of International Law,75(1),66。  new window
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6.Canon, A. H.(1988)。Memorandum of Law。American Journal of International Law,82(2)。  new window
7.Cryer, R.(2002)。The Fine Art of Friendship: in Belo in Afghanistan Law。American Journal of International Law,96(1)。  new window
8.Faiths, D. J.(1965)。Law in the Service of Terror。National Interest,1。  new window
9.(1984)。Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong. U.K.- P.R.C。I. L. M,23。  new window
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11.Parks, W. H.(198912)。Memorandum of Law: Executive Order 12333 and Assertions。Annuarie de Institut de Droit International,Dec.。  new window
12.Sofaer, A.(1988)。The United States Decision Not to Ratify Protocol。American of International Law,82。  new window
13.The White House(1987)。Letter of Transmittal January 29, 1987。American journal of International Law,81(4)。  new window
14.Magdelenat, Jean-Louis、Huang, Jiefang(1985)。Les accords de transport aerien dans les successions d'etats : le cas particulier de Hong-Kong。Annals de droit aeroen et spatial,10。  new window
15.Meron, Theodor(1979)。The Composition of the UN Regional Economic Commissions the PLO。International and Comparative Law Quarterly,28(1),52-64。  new window
會議論文
1.(1972)。Report of the Work of the Conference。Conference of Government Experts on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: Second Session,(會議日期: 1972/05/03-06/03)。  new window
研究報告
1.(1949)。Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the Unite Nations, Advisory Opinion of April 11, 1949。  new window
圖書
1.Fleck, D.(1995)。The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Arm Conflict。Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Wilson, H. A.(1988)。International Law the Use of Force by National Liberation Mourners。Clarendon Press。  new window
3.Marek, K.(1983)。Identity and Continuity of States in International Law。Clarendon Press。  new window
4.Kalshoven, F.(1987)。The Verging of War International Committee of the Red Cross。International Committee of the Red Cross。  new window
5.Pictet, J. S.(2002)。International Correspondence of the Red Cross。  new window
6.Tadic, Prosecwtor V.(1989)。International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia。Appeals Caliber。  new window
7.Sendox, Y.、Swinski, C.、Ziounernannm, B. M.(1987)。Commentary on the Additional Protocol of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949。International Committee of the Red Cross。  new window
8.Gould, W.(1987)。An Introduction to International Law。Clarendon Press。  new window
9.Abi-Saab, G.(1989)。Wars of National Liberation in the Geneva Conventions and Protocols。Martious Nijhoff Publishers。  new window
10.Henkin, Louis(1980)。International Law: Cases and Materials。St. Paul, Minn:West Publishing Co。  new window
其他
1.Marc Weller, E. G.(20020121)。Al-Qaeda entitled to Po W status。  new window
圖書論文
1.Fitzmaurice, G. G.(1958)。Third Report of the Law of Treaties。Yearbook of I.L.C.。  new window
2.Cassese, A.(1984)。War of national liberation and humanitarian law。Etudes et series sur le droit international et les principles de la Crais-Rouge。Martious Nijhoff Publishers。  new window
3.Clarke, M. H. F.、Glynn, T.、Rogers, A. P.(1989)。Combatant and Prisoners of War Status。Arm Conflict and the New Law: Aspects of the 1977 Geneva Protocols and the 1981 War Convention。London:British Institute of International and Comparative Law。  new window
4.Gemma, S.(1994)。Les Govemements de fait。Recueil des Cours。  new window
 
 
 
 
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