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題名:論戰犯制裁之國際機制-兼論懲治恐怖主義之適用性
作者:莊坤龍
作者(外文):Chuang, Kun Lung
校院名稱:政治作戰學校
系所名稱:政治研究所
指導教授:陳新民
詹哲裕
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2006
主題關鍵詞:國際法戰爭法武裝衝突法戰犯恐怖主義international lawlaws of warlaw of armed conflictwar crimeterrorism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本論文綜合政治學與法律學的研究途徑與方法,透過國際機制理論探討戰犯制裁的問題,從戰犯概念的起源與日內瓦公約、海牙公約等戰爭法規的法典化過程,分析戰犯制裁的國際法案件;豁免權、管轄權與引渡法等國際法議題;戰爭國家責任、指揮責任、個人責任的分配與承擔;以驗證國際政治與國際法的關連性。九一一恐怖攻擊事件後,美國發動反恐戰爭,本文從國際法與美國法的角度,分析交戰權與交戰規則、聯合國安全理事會的職權、自衛權與集體安全制度、美國軍事法、國際刑事法院等規範,並研析美國聯邦最高法院對於恐怖分子提起人身保護令訴狀的相關判決,雖然以總統戰爭權與自由權的憲法議題為訴訟爭點,但對於恐怖主義的國際法爭議,仍具有相當的釐清作用,依此檢視以戰犯制裁經驗懲治恐怖主義的適用性。
This thesis combined with research approach and method of political science and law, and focused on punishment of war crime by theory of international regime. The scopes of inquiry are original concept of war crime, Geneva Convention, Hague Conference and the process of enacting laws of war, and to analyze cases of war crime, which majored in jurisdiction, immunity and extradition of international law, contribution of state, commander and individual responsibility of war crime. The goal is to verify the correlation of international politics and law.
After 911-terror attack, the United States launched “War on Terror”. This article focused on controversies about jus ad bellum, jus in bello, authorities of Security Council of United Nations, issues of self-defense and collective security in international community, and the rules of American Military Law and International Criminal Court. Recently the Supreme Court of United States made judgments which appeal by habeas corpus related with war power of the president and liberty right of constitution. Although those issues may not concern with terrorist directly, the opinions of court still have some functions to clear controversies of international law regarding terrorism. The aim wanted to check the possibility that analogized the condemnation of terrorism by referring to experience of punishing war crime.
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翁明賢,〈國際恐怖主義與反恐行動的發展趨勢〉,《展望與探索》,第1卷第6期,民國92年6月。
袁光,〈人民法庭首審國際戰犯〉,《縱橫》,1996年10月。
馬德才,〈反恐怖主義的法律架構〉,《法令月刊》,第54卷第6期,民國92年6月。new window
高哲翰、黃秋龍,〈兩岸關係中的國際反恐怖主義因素〉,《展望與探索》,第1卷第12期,民國92年12月。
張中勇,〈美國九一一事件後國土安全作為對台灣安全的啓示〉,台海安全與國防戰略研討會論文集,台北:財團法人台灣新世紀文教基金會,2002年10月20日。
張吾平,丘台峰,論恐怖主義及其起源與發展,警政學報,民國81年,第八卷第二期。
張雅君,〈中共反恐外交的實踐與成效之分析〉,《中國大陸研究》,第48卷第1期,民國94年3月。new window
許楚敬,〈論國際刑事法院管轄權與聯合國安理會職權的關係〉,《華南師範大學學報》,2004年。
許楚敬,〈關於國際刑事法院管轄權的幾個具體問題-兼評中國政府的立場〉,《比較法研究》,2004年第6期。
陳弘毅,〈從皮諾切特案看國際刑法和國際人權法的發展〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,第13卷第5期,民國90年12月。new window
陳純一,〈美國國家豁免實踐中有關外國侵權行為管轄問題之研究〉,《政大法學評論》,第61期,民國88年6月。new window
陳新民,〈國防法制的再革新〉,《國家政策論壇》,第1卷第8期,民國90年10月。
陳啓垂,〈審判權、國際管轄權與訴訟途徑〉,《法學叢刊》,第189期,民國92年1月。
章瑞卿,〈國際戰罪法庭是廿一世紀國際正義守護神〉,《全國律師》,民國92年5月。
賀允宜,〈紐倫堡納粹戰犯大審判〉,《歷史月刊》,104期,民國85年9月5日。
楊永明,〈武力威脅與國際法:中共武力威脅臺灣之國際法分析〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第30卷第5期,民國90年9月。new window
楊永明,〈國際法上軍事干涉之研究〉,《政治科學論叢》,第14期,民國90年6月。new window
楊永明,〈從國際法觀點分析911事件影響下的國際安全秩序〉,《戰略與國際研究季刊》,第4卷第1期,2002年1月。
楊永明,〈從國際法觀點看聯合國集體安全體系之法律架構、制度性問題與對應之策〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第26卷第3期,民國86年4月。new window
楊伯濤,〈從戰犯到公民〉,《傳記文學》,第65卷第1期。
廖心文,〈特赦國內戰犯決策的提出與實施〉,《黨的文獻》,1995年第2期。
廖福特,〈非理性戰爭行為之理性人道規範—四個日內瓦公約及兩個議定書〉,《全國律師》,民國92年5月。
趙國材,〈論國際法之新發展〉,《國際關係學報》,第16期,民90年。new window
齊福霖,〈南京日本戰犯審判〉,《歷史月刊》,104期,民國85年9月5日。
劉炳峰、趙俊穎,〈中印邊界爭端始末〉,《文史精華》,2002年8月第147期。
劉滄龍譯,Walter Laqueur,〈自由戰士還是恐怖分子﹖〉,《當代》,第180期,2002年8月。
樂恕人,〈紐倫堡會審納粹戰犯〉,《傳記文學》,第41卷第3期。
蔡政修,〈九一一事件後的美國國家安全戰略:以波灣戰爭與北韓核子危機為例〉,《問題與研究》,第43卷第6期,民國93年11-12月。new window
蔡庭榕,〈論反恐怖主義行動法制與人權保障〉,《刑事法雜誌》,第47卷第4期,民國93年8月。new window
鄭敦宇,〈國際刑事法院初探〉,《警學叢刊》,第31卷第2期,民國89年9月。new window
賴怡忠,〈恐怖主義、新保守主義與國際政治--恐怖主義與美國的國際戰略爭論〉,《當代》,第216期,2005年8月。
戴超武,〈中印邊界衝突與蘇聯的反應和政策〉,《歷史研究》,2003年第3期。
謝添富、趙晞華,〈試論陸海空軍刑法有關戰時犯罪之規定〉,《全國律師》,民國92年5月。
魏良才,〈越戰故事中未完結的篇章:美國戰俘及失蹤美軍問題之探討〉,《國立政治大學歷史學報》,第17期,2000年5月。new window
魏靜芬,〈國際犯罪與國際法〉,《軍法專刊》,第48卷第1期,民國91年1月。new window
魏靜芬,〈戰爭犯罪〉,《全國律師》,民國92年5月。


三、其他來源(立法檔案、法院判決、網站)
中國外交部發言人劉建超解釋中國未加入國際刑事法院規約原因,http://www.scol.com.cn/domestic/szlb/20020712/200271283532.htm
中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會常務委員會關於處理在押日本侵略中國戰爭中戰爭犯罪分子的決定,1956年人民日報刊登,本文摘自人民網http://www.people.com.cn/GB/33831/33836/34143/34228/2554512.html,2004年11月23日。
聯合國秘書長安南於馬德里發表之演說。聯合國網站http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/sg/sg_madrid.htm, 2005年5月10日。
中國外交部網站刊載2003/06/30,中國與國際刑事法院,網址︰http://big5.fmprc.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjb/zzjg/tyfls/tyfl/1149/1151/t23618.htm


貳、英文部分
一、Books
Abi-Saab, George, The Concept of War Crimes, edited by Sienho Yee and Wang Tieya, International Law in the Post-Cold War World, London: Routledge, 2001.
Amerasinghe, Chittharanjan Felix, Jurisdiction of International Tribunals, London: Kluwer Law International, 2003.
Appleman, John Alan, Military Tribunals and International Crimes, Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc, 1954.
Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, New York, NY: Penguins Books Inc., 1964.
Bassiouni, Cherif M., Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal Law, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992.
Bauman, Richard W., Critical Legal Studies: A Guide to the Literature, Boulder, CO: Westview Press Inc, 1996.
Baylis, John & Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2001.
Beck, Robert J., Anthony Clark Arend and Robert D. Vander Lugt, International Rules: Approaches from International Law and International Relations, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Bloxham, Donald, Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Brady, James B. & Newton Garver, Justice, Law and Violence, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
Brownlie, Ian, State Responsibility, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
Buergenthal, Thomas & Sean D. Murphy, Public International Law, St. Paul MN: West Group, 2002.
Burton, Anthony M., Urban Terrorism: Theory, Practice & Response, New York: The Free Press, 1976.
Byers, Michael, War Law: International Law and Armed Conflict, London: Atlantic Ltd., 2005.
Carter, Barry E. & Phillip R. Trlmble, International Law, Gaithersburg MD: Aspen Law & Business, 3rd edition, 1999.
Cassese, Antonio, International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Chalk, Peter, Non-Military Security and Global Order: The Impact of Extremism, Violence, and Chaos on National and International Security, New York: ST. Martin’s Press, LLC, 2000.
Chuter, David, War Crimes: Confronting Atrocity in the Modern World, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc., 2003.
Crawford, Robert M.A., Regime Theory in the Post-Cold War World: Rethinking Neoliberal Approaches to International Relations, Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited, 1996.
Detter, Ingrid, The Law of War, London: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2000.
Dinstein, Yoram, The conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Doucet, Ghislaine, Terrorism, Victims and International Criminal Responsibility, France: SOS Attendants, 2003.
Dougherty, James E. & Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey, New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 5th Edition, 2001.
Dycus, Stephen, Arthue L. Berney, William C. Banks and Peter Raven-Hansen, National Security Law, 2005-2006 Supplement, New York: Aspen Publishers, 3rd edition, 2005.
Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World, New York: Basic Books, 2003.
Falk, Richard A., Gabriel Kolko and Robert Jay Lifton, Crimes of War; A legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars, New York: Random House Inc., 1971.
Fenton, Neil, Understanding the UN Security Council: Coercion or Consent? Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2004.
Fox, Hazel, The Law of State Immunity, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Franck, Thomas et al, “Comment chapter 7& 8, Part III Use of Force”, Michael Byers & Georg Nolte edited, United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Freedman, Lawrence, Christopher Hill, Adam Roberts, R.J. Vincent, Paul Wilkinson and Philip Windsor, Terrorism and International Order, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1986.
Frey, R.G. & Christopher W. Morris, Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Friedlander, Robert A., Terrorism: Documents of International and Local Control, Dobbes Ferry NY: Oceana Publications Inc. 1979.
Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955:U.S. Zone, Military Tribunals, Trails of War Criminal before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1950),
Gill, Terry d., “The Eleventh of September and the Right of Self-Defense”, Wybo P. Heere edited, Terrorism and the Military: International Legal Implications, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003.
Ginsburgs, George & V. N. Kudviavtsev, The Nuremberg Trail and International Law, Norwell MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
Greenwood, Christopher, “Terrorism: The Proper Law and the Proper Forum”, Fred L. Borch & Paul S.Wilson editor, International Law and The War on Terror, Newport RI: U.S. Naval War College, 2003.
Harrison, Ewan, The Post-Cold War International System: Strategies, Institutions and Reflexivity, New York: Routledge, 2004.
Hathaway, Oona A., “The Promise and Limits of the International Law of Torture”, Sanford Levinson edited, Torture: A Collection, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Higgins, Rosalyn & Maurice Flory, Terrorism and International Law, New York: Routledge, 1997.
Hyde, Charles Cheney, International Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States, Boston MA: J.S. Cushing Co., 1922.
Isaak, Alan C., Scope and Methods of Political Science: an Introduction to the Methodology of Political Inquiry, Homewood, Ill: The Dorsey Press, 1984.
Jervis, Robert, “Security Regimes”, Stephen D. Krasner edited, International Regimes, Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Jokic, Alexander, War Crimes and Collective Wrongdoing a Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2001.
Jorgensen, Nina H. B., The Responsibility of States for International Crimes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Keijzer, Nico, “Terrorism as a Crime”, Wybo P. Heere edited, Terrorism and the Military: International Legal Implications, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003.
Kelsen, Hans, Peace Through Law, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1944.
Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, New York: Longman, 3rd edition, 2001.
Kerr, Rachel, The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: An Exercise in Law, Politics, and Diplomacy, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Klip, Andre, “State Security and Obtaining Evidence Independently by the Defence”, Herwig Roggemann & Peter Sarcevic edited, National Security and International Criminal Justice, New York: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
Knoops, Geert-Jan G. L., An Introduction of The Law of International Criminal Tribunals: A Comparative Study, Ardsley NY: Transnational Publishers Inc., 2003.
Kupperman, Robert H. & Darrell M. Trent, Terrorism: Threat Reality Response, Standford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1979.
Lael, Richard L., The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility, Wilmington Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc.1982.
Laughland, John, “The Dangers of the Politicisation of International Justice’ or Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodies?” Herwig Roggemann & Peter Sarcevic edited, National Security and International Criminal Justice, New York: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
Levie, Howard S., Terrorism in War, The Law of War Crimes, Dobbs Ferry NY: Oceana Publications, Inc. 1993.
Maguire, Peter, Law and War: An American Story, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Maogoto, Jackson Nyamuyu, War Crimes and Realpolitik: International Justice from World War ⅠTo The 21st Century, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 2004.
Marsh, David & Gerry Stoker, Theory and Methods in Political Science, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2002.
Meron, Theodor, War Crimes Law Comes of Age: Essays, New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998.
Mettraux, Guenael, International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Minear, Richard H., Victors’ Justice, The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
Morris, Madeline, “Prosecuting Terrorism: The Quandaries of Criminal Jurisdiction and International Relations”, Wybo P. Heere edited, Terrorism and the Military: International Legal Implications, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003.
Mullerson, Rein, “Jus ad Bellum and International Terrorism”, Fred L. Borch & Paul S.Wilson editor, International Law and The War on Terror, (Newport R.I.: U.S. Naval War College, 2003).
Newton, Michael, “International Criminal Law Aspects of the War against Terrorism”, Fred L. Borch & Paul S.Wilson editor, International Law and The War on Terror, Newport RI: U.S. Naval War College, 2003.
Oppenheim, John & Willem-Jan van der Wolf, Golbal War Crimes Tribunal Collection, Volume 3: War Crimes Tribunals in Future, Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Global Law Association, 1997.
Oppenheim, Lassa L., International Law: A Treatise, edited by H. Lauterpacht, London: Longmans, 7th Edition, 1952.
Oppenheim, Lassa L., Oppenheim’s International Law, Volume 1, Peace, Introduction and Part Ⅰ, edited by Sir Robert Jennings and Sir Arthur Watts, London: Longmans, 9th edition,1992.
Rehman, Javaid, International Human Rights Law: A Practical Approach, New York: Longman, 2003.
Reich, Walter, Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies Ideologies, Theologies States of Mind, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Reydama, Luc, Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Legal Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Rittberger, Volker edited, International Regimes in East-West Politics, New York: Pinter Publisher Limited, 1990.
Roberts, Adam, “The Law of War in the War of Terror”, Fred L. Borch & Paul S. Wilson edited, International law and The War on Terror, Newport RL: Naval War College, 2003.
Rogers, A.P.V., Law on the Battlefield, Huntington NY: Juris Publication, 2nd edition, 2004.
Rose, David, Guantanamo: The War on Human Rights, New York: The New Press, 2004.
Rothwell, Donald R., The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Schmid, Alex P. & Albert J. Jongman, Political terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company-Amsterdam, 1988.
Scott, Shirley v., International Law in World Politics: An Introduction, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 2004.
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, Cambridge: Grotius Publications Limited, 3rd edition, 1991.
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, London: Cambridge University Press, 4th edition, 1997.
Shultz, Richard H., Jr., Roy Godson and George H. Quester, Security Studied for the 21st Century, Washington, DC: Brassey’s Inc., 1997.
Simbeye, Yitiha, Immunity and International Criminal Law, Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing company, 2004.
Sliedregt, Elies van, The Criminal Responsibility of Individuals for Violations of International Humanitarian Law, The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press, 2003.
Smith, James M. & William C. Thomason, “Terrorism Threat and Response: A Policy Perspective”, The Terrorism Threat and U.S Government Response: Operational and Organizational Factors, (pp1-16), James M. Smith & William C. Thomason edited, Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies, US Air Force Academy, March 2001.
Sunga, Lyal S., Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations, Boston, MA: Maritinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992.
Taylor, Max. & John Horgan, The Future of Terrorism, London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2000.
Taylor, Telford, Chief Counsel for War Crmes, Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955: U.S. Zone), Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on Nuremberg War Crimes Trials under Control Council Law No. 10, Office of Military Government Office, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949.
Terry, James, “Al Queda and Taliban Detainees: An Examination of Legal Rights and Appropriate Treatment”, Fred L. Borch & Paul S.Wilson editor, International Law and the War on Terror, Newport RI: U.S. Naval War College, 2003.
Than, Claire de & Edwin Shorts, International Criminal Law and Human Rights, London: Sweet & Maxwell Limited, 2003.
Tung, William L., China and the Foreign Power: The Impact of and Reaction to Unequal Treaties, Dobbs Ferry NY: Oceana Publications Inc., 1970.
Turk, Austin T., Political Criminality: The Defiance and Defense of Authority, Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1982.
Wallace, Rebecca M., International Law, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 4th edition, 2002.
Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjustice Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, (New York: Basic Books Inc. 1977).
Wells, Donald A., War Crimes and Law of War, Lanham MD: University Press of American, 1984.
Wells, Donald A., War Crimes and Laws of War, Lanham MD: University of Press of America, Inc., 2nd Edition, 1991.
Wieviorka, Michel, The Making of Terrorism, translated by David Gordon White, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Wilkinson, Paul, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, London: Frank Case Publishers, 2001.
Willemin, Georges & Roger Heacock, The International Committee of the Red Cross, International Organization and The Evolution of World Society, Volume 2, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1984.
Williams, Marc, International Relations in the Twentieth Century: A Reader, New York: New York University Press, 1988.
Willis, James F., Prologue to Nuremberg: the Politics and Diplomacy of Punishing War Criminals of the First World War, Westport Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Winthrop, William, Military Law and Precedents, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2nd edition, 1920.
Wise, Edward M., Ellen S. Podgor, and Roger S. Clark, International Criminal Law Cases and Materials, New Jersey: The LexisNexis Group, 2nd edition, 2004.
Woetzel, Robert K, The Nuremberg Trials in International Law, With a Postlude on the Eichmann Case, New York: Praeger, 1962.
Yarnold, Barbara M., International Fugitives: A New Role for the International Court of Justice, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991.
二、 Periodicals
Akhavan, Payam, “Justice, Power, and the Realities of Interdependence: Lessons from the Milosevic and Hussein Trials”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 39, Issue 3, 2005.
Bain, William, “The Political Theory of Trusteeship and the Twilight of International Equality”, International Relations, Vol. 17, No.1, 2003.
Bohman, James, “International Regimes and Democratic Governance: Political Equality and Influence in Global Institutions”, International Affairs, Vol.75, No. 3, 1999.
Bottini, Gabriel, “Universal Jurisdiction after the Creation of the International Criminal Court”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol.36, winter-spring 2004.
Bugnion, Francois, “Just Wars, War of Aggression and International Humanitarian Law”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 84, No. 847, September 2002.
Buguion, Francois, “The Role of the Red Cross in the Development of International Humanitarian Law: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law”, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, Summer, 2004.
Burris, Christopher, “Time for Congressal Action: The Necessary of Delineating the Jurisdictional Responsibility of Federal District Courts, Courts-Martial, and Military Commissions to Try Violations of the Laws of War” Federal Courts Law Review, May 2005.
Byers, Michael, “The Law and Politics of the Pinochet Case” Duck Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 10, spring/summer 2000.
D’Amato, Anthony, “The Invasion of Panama Was a Lawful Response to Tyranny”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 84, April 1990.
Donnelly, Jack, “International Human Rights: A Regimes Analysis”, International Organization, Vol. 40, No. 3, summer 1986.
Doodman, Ryan & Derek Jinks, “International Law, U.S. War Powers, and the Global War on Terrorism”, Harvard Law Review, V.ol. 118, June, 2005.
Duffield, John S., “International Regimes and Alliance Behavior: Explaining NATO Conventional Force Levels”, International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 4, autumn 1992.
Earley, Brian W., “Note: The War on Terrorism and the Enemy within: Using Military Commissions to prosecute U.S. Citizens for Terrorist-Related Violations of the Laws of War”, New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement, Vol. 30, winter 2004.
Ellis, Jaye, “International Regimes and the Legitimacy of Rules: A Discourse-Ethical Approach”, Alternatives, Vol. 27, 2003.
Feldman, Noah, “Choices of Law, Choices of War”, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Vol. 25, spring 2002.
Ford, Richard T., “Law’s Territory (A History of Jurisdiction)”, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 97, February 1999.
Galvin, Richard John, “The Case of a Japanese Truth Commission Covering world War Ⅱ Era Japanese War Crimes”, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 11, spring, 2003.
Gasser, Hans-Peter, “The U.S. Decision not to Ratify Protocol Ⅰto the Geneva Convention on the Protection of War Victims: An Appeal for Ratification by the United States”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 81, October 1987.
Gersh, David M., “Poor Judgement: Why the Iraqi Special Tribunal is the Wrong Mechanism for Trying Sadda Hussein on Charges of Genocide, Human Rights Abuses, and other Violations of International Law”, Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 33. Issue1, 2004.
Goldstone, Richard, “The Trial of Saddam Hussein: What kind of Court Should Prosecute Saddam Hussein and Others for Human Rights Abuses﹖”Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 27.Issue3, 2004.
Haggard, Stephan & Beth A. Simons, “Theories of International Regimes”, International Organization, Vol.41, No.3, summer 1987.
Halverson, Karen, “A Foreign State A “Person”? Does It Matter? : Personal Jurisdiction, Due Process, and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 34, Fall 2001.
Hass, Ernst B., “Why Collaborate?Issue-Linkage and International Regimes”, World Politics, Vol. 32, No.2, April 1980.
Hassner, Pierre, “Beyond the Three Traditions: The Philosophy of War and Peace in Historical Perspective”, International Affairs, Vol. 70, No.4, October 1994.
Hasson, Adam Isaac, “Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity on Trial: Noriega, Pinochet, and Milosevic—Trends in Political Accountability and Transnational Criminal Law”, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 25, winter, 2002.
Hickey, Charles E., “The Dictator, Drug and Diplomacy by Indictment: Head-of-State Immunity in United States v. Noriega”, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol. 4, Spring/Summer 1989.
Howard, Kenneth A., “Command Responsibility for War Crimes”, Journal of Public Law, Vol. 21, 1972.
Jia, Bing Bing, “The Doctrine of Command Responsibility Revisited, Symposium: International Humanitarian/Criminal Law”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, 2004.
Johnson, Kathleen M., “The Case of General Augusto Pinochet: A Legal Research Guide”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 27, 2002.
Junod, Sylvie, “Additional Protocol Ⅱ: History and Scope”, American University Law Review, Vol. 33, Fall 1983.
Keohane, Robert O., “The Demand for International Regimes”, International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, spring 1982.
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