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題名:美國大學身體教育與競技運動連結源起(1880~1935)
書刊名:運動文化研究
作者:歐宗明 引用關係
作者(外文):Ou, Tzong-ming
出版日期:2008
卷期:6
頁次:頁29-52
主題關鍵詞:身體教育競技運動新體育大學Physical educationAthleticsNew physical educationCollege
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本文旨在重回美國大學「身體教育」與「競技運動」連結的歷史脈絡,對兩者之連結源起做一歷史研究進路考察,以釐清兩者連結的初始情形。從考察中發現,十九世紀末美國身體教育由體操主導,各體操系統間曾相互論戰,當時已完成標準化的各式運動則藉由校際競賽在大學蓬勃發展,但尚未被包含於大學身體教育當中,兩者係平行於大學中個別發展。1920年代,美國身體教育受新式教育思潮影響,吸納自然的身體活動,形成「新體育」。此時,大學面臨大環境不穩定,及本身的快速擴張,競技運動被當作滿足招生及募集資金需求的手段,加上現代奧運的舉辦和思潮的推波助瀾,於是在「競技運動是教育的」口號之下,競技運動被吸納入大學的身體教育中,並與健康教育、休閒、舞蹈及其他要素包裹在一起,被置放於融合多樣元素的體育相關系所中。歸納美國大學身體教育與競技運動連結的驅力有:身體活動領域本身的擴張、大學校際運動競賽的正當化和教育化,以及體育相關系所在求生存時對資源的熱切需求等。而這些驅力則植基於被當時人們視爲解決美國都市化和工業化後衍生之社會問題的解決之道—新式教育思潮中。
The purpose of the study was to retrace the track of development of physical education (PE) in United States colleges, and to probe the articulation of PE and athletics in colleges. The study used historical research method to retrace and analyze the articulation between PE and athletics in U.S. Colleges. In late 19th century the gymnastics dominated the PE, and the ranging controversy among systems of gymnastics became known as the Battle of the Systems. At the same time, the standardized sports boomed in colleges by intercollegiate competition. PE and athletics developed in parallel. By 1920s, the New Physical Education was influenced by the new education thought, and was formed in US. The new physical activity field expanded its content that included gymnastics and natural physical activities. Colleges needed some way to recruit students and raise money, and they utilized the intercollegiate athletics by legalizing it as educational in the campus. By the time, the sought and games of Olympics also enhanced further the control and management of athletics in the of authority American colleges. Finally, the PE became a synthetic department by connecting several elements: PE, athletics, heath education, hygiene, and leisure. After above probe and analysis, the major drive power of the articulation between PE and athletics in American colleges were the expansion of New Physical Education, the legalizing of intercollegiate athletics in colleges, and the survival of the PE Department in college. The drive power was found by the new education thought in US, when America people thought new education thought and reform were the solutions of the social problems derived by urbanization and industrialization.
期刊論文
1.歐宗明(2004)。小學體育的範疇與目標。南大體育,1,68-79。  延伸查詢new window
2.歐宗明(20061200)。體育與運動概念區辨。臺南大學體育學報,1,2-9。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Caspersen, Carl J.、Powell, Kenneth E.、Christenson, Gregory M.(1985)。Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research。Public Health Reports,100(2),126-131。  new window
4.王建台(1997)。赫斯林頓 (C. W. Hertherington) 與美國自然體育的發展(1900-1930 )。臺灣師大體育研究,4,1-12。  延伸查詢new window
5.Chu, Donald(1979)。Origins of the Connection of Physical Education and Athletics at the American University: An Organizational Interpretation。Journal of Sport and Social Issues,3.1,22-32。  new window
6.Figone, Albert J.(1994)。Origins of the Teacher-Coach Role: Idealism, Convenience, and Unworkability。The Physical Educator,51.3,148-156。  new window
7.Lee, Mabel、Bennett, Bruce(1985)。1885-1900: A Time of Gymnastics and Measurement。Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance,56(4),19-26。  new window
8.Lewis, Guy M.(1969)。Adoption of the Sports Program, 1906-1930: The Role of Accommodation in the Transformation of Physical Education。Quest,12,34-46。  new window
研究報告
1.Freischlang, Jerry, and William F. Stier(1993)。Articulation between Physical Education and Athletics。  new window
學位論文
1.蘇彥仁(2000)。二十世紀初美國新體育 (New Physical Education) 理論的形成與初期發展之研究~以學校體育為中心 (1865~1930)。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.林玉體(1993)。西洋教育史。臺北市:文景。  延伸查詢new window
2.徐元民(2003)。體育學導論。臺北:品度股份有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
3.Girginov, Vassil、Parry, Jim、許立宏(2004)。解讀奧林匹克運動會。臺北:中華奧林匹克委員會。  延伸查詢new window
4.徐元民(2005)。體育史。臺北市:品度。  延伸查詢new window
5.湯銘新(2004)。奧運會發展史。臺北市:財團法人徐亨體育文化基金會。  延伸查詢new window
6.陳思遠、國家衛生研究院(2001)。身體活動與身體組成。臺北:國家衛生研究院。  延伸查詢new window
7.吳文忠(1957)。中國體育史。台北市:正中書局。  延伸查詢new window
8.吳俊宏(譯)、Michael Llewellyn Smith(原作者)(2004)。《奧運、雅典、1896:現代奧林匹克運動會的誕生(Olympics in Athens 1896: The invention of the modern Olympic games)》。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
9.孟湘砥、胡若愚(1993)。近代教育史。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
10.Freeman, William H.(1997)。Physical Education and Sport in a Changing Society. 5th ed.。Needham Heights, MA。  new window
11.Gruneau, Richard S.(1976)。Sport as an area of sociological study: An introduction to major themes and perspective。Canadian Sport: Sociological Perspectives。Don Mills, Ontario。  new window
12.Lucas, John A., and Ronal A. Smith(1978)。Saga of American sport。Philadelphia。  new window
13.Lumpkin, Angela(1998)。Introduction to Physical Education, Exercise Science and Sport Studies. 5th ed.。New York。  new window
14.Siedentop, Daryl(1994)。Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport. 2nd ed.。Mountain View, CA。  new window
15.Spears, Betty, and Richard A. Swanson(1988)。History of Sport and Physical Education in the United States. 3rd ed.。Dubuque, IO。  new window
圖書論文
1.王建臺(1996)。自然體育思想(1920-1930)。中國近代體育思想。臺北縣:啟英文化。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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