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題名：American Gender Issues and Chinese Ethnicity in Ah Sin
書刊名：NTU Studies in Language and Literature
作者：歐馨雲 引用關係
作者(外文)：Ou, Hsin-yun
出版日期：2010
卷期：24
頁次：頁107-132
主題關鍵詞：美國的東方論述；性別觀念；中國族群特性；黃臉演藝；American Orientalism；Gender ideologies；Chinese Ethnicity；Yellowface performance
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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馬克吐溫與布列特哈特合著的《阿新》一劇，背景設於淘金潮時期的美國加州，該區匯聚各種不同的文化與性別觀念。雖然十九世紀美國的東方論述常將東方人邊緣化和女性化，《阿新》一劇卻以中國人爲主角。本文論證：該劇不僅破除固有的東方人刻板形象，更藉由描寫白人女性與中國僕人的關係，闡述當代性別議題與對中國人種族歧視的關聯。此劇探討美國西部新興的意識觀念，強調家務管理有助於穩定國家根基，藉此肯定白人女性與中國僕人對美國社會的貢獻。劇中對中國勞工與白人女性以平行方式描寫：儘管中國角色受到歧視而被女性化，但最終仍回復其「男子氣魄」，正如女主角在劇終糾正傳統對弱女子的觀念。綜言之，《阿新》一劇所呈現的美國白人女性與中國僕人角色，同時爲當時的弱勢女性與弱勢族群發出不平之鳴，質疑十九世紀美國的東方論述中視西方陽剛而東方陰柔的錯誤對比。
Ah Sin, a collaboration of Mark Twain and Bret Harte, is set in the multicultural frontier of gold rush California, where several cultural and gender ideologies met. Whereas nineteenth-century American Orientalism tended to marginalize and feminize the Orient, Ah Sin figures the Chinese as the central character. This article argues that, in addition to the disruption of Oriental stereotypes, the play's portrayal of white females in relation to a Chinese servant points toward contemporary gender issues in relation to racism against the Chinese. By exploring the emerging frontier ideologies that emphasized the importance of domestic work and house management in maintaining the stability of the nation, the play acknowledges the contributions of Chinese servants and white women to American society. Much as the feminized Chinese character restores his "manhood" notwithstanding the sexist stereotypes of the Chinese as effeminate, the heroine undermines the stereotyped notions about frail womanhood. The play reflects on the parallels in the development of each group's struggles. As such, Ah Sin challenges many levels of racist and gendered assumptions prevalent in the 19th century American Orientalism by way of dismantling the false binary between the masculine West and the feminine East.
期刊論文
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7.Richardson, Abby Sage(1871)。A Plea for Chinese Labour. By an American Housewife。Scribners Monthly，2(3)，286-290。  new window
8.Scharnhorst, Gary.(2000)。Mark Twain on Charles Parsloe: An Early Interview。Mark Twain Journal，38(1)，7-8。  new window
9.Vernon, J. Di(1891)。The Chinese as House Servants。Good Housekeeping，12，20-22。  new window
10.(1903)。The Life Story of a Chinaman: Lee Chew。Independent，55。  new window
11.Watson, Matthew A.(2005)。The Argonauts of' 49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West。Western American Literature，40(1)，33-53。  new window
12.(1853)。Sociability in the Mines。Golden Era，2。  new window
圖書
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11.Leong, Karen J.(2005)。The China Mystique: Pearl S. Buck, Anna May Wong, May- ling Soong, and the Transformation of American Orientalism。Berkeley, LA：U of California P。  new window
12.Daniels, Roger(1988)。Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850。University of Washington Press。  new window
13.Moon, Krystyn R.(2005)。Yellowface: creating the Chinese in American popular music and performance, 1850s-1920s。New Brunswick, N.J.：Rutgers University Press。  new window
14.Rollins, J.(1985)。Between Women: Domestics and Their Employers。Philadelphia：Temple University Press。  new window
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22.Bean, Annemarie。Transgressing the Gender Divide: The Female Impersonator in Nineteenth-Century Blackface Minstrelsy。Inside the Minstrel Mask: Readings in Nineteenth Century Blackface Minstrelsy \\ Annemarie Bean ; James V. Hatch ; Brooks McNamara (Eds.)。Hanover, NH。  new window
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28.Ebrey, Patricia(1996)。The Cambridge Illustrated History of China。Cambridge。  new window
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34.Levy, Joann(1990)。They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush。Hamden, CT。  new window
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37.Moy, James(1989)。Bret Harte and Mark Twain's Ah Sin: Locating China in the Geography of the American West。Frontiers of Asian American Studies \\ Gail Nomura ; Russell Eudo ; Stephen H. Sumida ; Russell C. Leong (Eds.)。Pullman, WA。  new window
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其他
1.(1877)。Chinese Immigrants in California。  new window
2.Hubback, Catherine Anne(1872)。Letters。  new window
3.(1877)。  new window
圖書論文
1.Hammer, T.(2003)。Introduction。Youth unemployment and social exclusion in Europe: A comparative study。UK：The policy press。  new window
2.Hoppenstand, Gary(1992)。Yellow Devil Doctors and Opium Dens: The Yellow Peril Stereotype in Mass Media Entertainment。Popular Culture: An Introductory Text。Bowling Green, OH：Bowling Green State U Popular P。  new window
 
 
 
 
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