This three-part essay discusses paddy rice promotion, irrigation system, and related disputes in Shanxi during the Ming and Qing. The first part of the article investigates an important concept, “Irrigation to Maximization.” This concept played important role in both the growth and decline of the rice-growing area in Shanxi. The second part of the article addresses the impact of local official interventions on paddy rice cultivation in Shanxi. In particular, Southern officials promoted paddy rice cultivation in Shanxi for political and economic gain. This ultimately led to local water disputes, which prompted officials to place restrictions on paddy rice cultivation. The third part of the article focuses on two examples—the Hutuo and Jin river basins—illustrating the ways in which the environment, official management, and local response were all affected by “Irrigation to Maximization.”