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題名：族群衝突及其解決
書刊名：全球政治評論
作者：張棋炘
作者(外文)：Chang, Chi-shin
出版日期：2011
卷期：35
頁次：頁111-142
主題關鍵詞：衝突理論；族群衝突；衝突解決；Conflict theory；Ethnic conflict；Conflict resolution
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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冷戰結束後的第一個十年，國際關係當中的最主要特徵就是族群衝突的出現。在冷戰結束後的第二個十年裡，雖然族群衝突大體上已經塵埃落定，但是這中間顯然仍有眾多議題等待作進一步的分析與探討。以現實主義為導向的國際衝突理論，一如未能完滿解釋冷戰為何結束一般，也同樣沒能提供有關族群衝突解決的良好解釋。究其原因，主要是認為影響國際安全的衝突主要來自於體系結構的影響而非國家內部，美蘇在冷戰期間的對峙強化了這種觀念。其次研究者對於「衝突解決」（conflict resolution）的認知也不盡正確，多將其與「和平」混為一談，以致於對衝突解決不抱持任何樂觀期待。最後則是由於過往歷史當中根本缺乏國際社會強制干預並解決族群衝突的實證案例。下個十年，族群衝突的發生以及解決，仍將會是國際關係當中的重點之一。本文的目的就在重新探討衝突理論，就其中的不足加以說明，並主張以「衝突解決」作為衝突理論的一種補充性方法，以彌補不足；同時也將進一步分析「衝突解決」與衝突管理、衝突預防、衝突轉型之相互關係，以及其與「和平」之間的差異，同時也將進一步分析衝突解決機制的運用。
Ethnic conflicts emerge as one of the main features in the first decade after the Cold War. Although most of ethnic conflicts seem to be settled in the second decade, there remain many issues to be further explored and analyzed. There’s no surprise that traditional conflict theories based on realist assumptions could not explain why ethnic conflicts occur in the first place because of the ensuing. First, these theories ignore domestic changes while treating international systems as the most important factor. This is enhanced by U.S.-U.S.S.R. confrontations during the Cold War. Secondly, researchers confuse ‘conflict resolution studies’ with ‘peace studies’. This confusion makes them pessimistic about the possibilities that ethnic conflict can be resolved at all. Finally, there exists little empirical evidence to prove ethnic conflicts could be resolved by strong international interventions. The next decade will only see more ethnic conflicts around the world as the resolution of ethnic conflict will remain an important subject. The purposes of this article are to appraise the shortcomings of those traditional conflict theories and to propose conflict resolution as a complementary approach. Also, the relationships among “conflict prevention”, “conflict management”, “conflict transformation”, and “conflict resolution” will be further analyzed. Finally, the application of conflict resolution mechanisms will also be introduced.
期刊論文
1.Malinowski, Bronislaw(1941)。An Anthropological Analysis of War。The American Journal of Sociology，46(4)，523。  new window
2.Habyarimana, James et al.(2008)。Is Ethnic Conflict Inevitable?。Foreign Affairs，87(4)，138-141。  new window
3.Eriksson, Mikael、Wallensteen, Peter(2004)。Armed Conflict, 1989-2003。Journal of Peace Research，41(5)，625-636。  new window
4.Muller, Jerry(2008)。Us an Them: The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism。Foreign Affairs，87(2)，18-35。  new window
5.Carment, David(1993)。The International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict: Concepts, Indicators, and Theory。Journal of Peace Research，30(2)，137。  new window
6.Rex, John(1995)。Ethnic Identity and the Nation State: The Political Sociology of Multi-Cultural Societies。Social Identities，1(1)，24-25。  new window
7.Tyler, Tom(2000)。Social Justice: Outcome and Procedure。International Journal of Psychology，35(2)，119。  new window
8.Helman, Gerald、Ratner, Steven(1992)。Saving Failed State。Foreign Policy，89，3-20。  new window
9.Connor, Walker(1973)。The Politics of Ethnonationalism。Journal of International Affairs，27(1)，1-21。  new window
10.Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich(2005)。Failed States, or the State as Failure。The University of Chicago Law Review，72(4)，1156-1160。  new window
11.Kaufmann, Chaim(1996)。Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars。International Security，20(4)，137。  new window
12.Gurr, Ted Robert(1994)。Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System。International Studies Quarterly，38，347-377。  new window
學位論文
1.林佾靜(2009)。反思國際關係理論中「國家中心論」之探討(博士論文)。國立政治大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Bartos, Otomar、Wehr, Paul(2002)。Using Conflict Theory。New York。  new window
2.Nye, Joseph(2007)。Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History。New York：Longman。  new window
3.蒲寧、陳曉東(2007)。國際衝突研究。北京：時事出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.Taras, Ray、Ganguly, Rajat(2002)。Understanding Ethnic Conflict。New York：Longman。  new window
5.Schneckener, Ulrich、Wolff, Stefan(2004)。Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts。London：C. Hurst & Co.。  new window
6.Emerson, Rupert(1960)。From Empire to Nation: The Rise of Self-Assertion of Asian and African Peoples。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。  new window
7.Delannoi, Gil、鄭文彬、洪暉(1999)。民族與民族主義。北京：三聯書店。  延伸查詢new window
8.Kaldor, Mary、陳世欽(2002)。新戰爭。台北：聯經出版社。  延伸查詢new window
9.Gurr, Ted Robert(2000)。Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century。Washington, DC：United States Institute of Peace Press。  new window
10.Scherrer, Christian(2003)。Ethnicity, Nationalism and Violence: Conflict Management, Human Rights, and Multilateral Regimes。Burlington：Ashgate。  new window
11.Montville, Joseph V.(1991)。Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies。Lexington Books。  new window
12.Furnivall, J.(1944)。Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy。New York：Macmillan。  new window
13.Wallensteen, Peter(2007)。Understanding Conflict Resolution。London：Sage Publications。  new window
14.Ryan, Stephen(1990)。Ethnic Conflict and International Relations。Brookfield：Dartmouth。  new window
15.Olzak, Susan(1992)。The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict。Stanford, California：Stanford University Press。  new window
16.Dougherty, James、Pfaltzgraff, Robert L.(2001)。Contending Theories of International Relations。New York：Longman。  new window
17.Waltz, Kenneth N.(1979)。Theory of International Politic。Reading, Mass：Addison-Wesley Pub. Co。  new window
18.Waltz, Kenneth N.(2001)。Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis。New York：Columbia University Press。  new window
19.United Nations Development Programme(1994)。Human Development Report 1994: New Dimensions of Human Security。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
20.Smith, Anthony D.(1981)。The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World。Cambridge, England：Cambridge University Press。  new window
21.Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman(2006)。Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism。Verso。  new window
22.Gurr, Ted R.(1993)。Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts。Washington, D.C.：United States Institute of Peace Press。  new window
23.Gurr, Ted Robert、Harff, Barbara(1994)。Ethnic Conflict in World Politics。Boulder, Colo.：Westview Press。  new window
24.Deutsch, Karl W.(1953)。Nationalism and Social Communication。MIT Press。  new window
25.Miall, Hugh、Ramsbotham, Oliver、Woodhouse, Tom(1999)。Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts。Cambridge：Polity Press。  new window
26.Boutros-Ghali, Boutros(1992)。An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping。New York：The United Nations。  new window
27.Gurr, Ted Robert(1970)。Why Men Rebel。Princeton, New Jersey：Princeton University Press。  new window
28.Lijphart, Arend(1977)。Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration。Yale University Press。  new window
其他
1.傅錫誠。民族與民族主義，http://www.mcu.edu.tw/department/ genedu/2echelon/92report/a03/0807_05.htm。  new window
2.Upsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)，http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/index.htm。  new window
3.United Nations。Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945-Present，http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml， 。  new window
圖書論文
1.Wolff, Stefan(2004)。Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflict。Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts。London：C. Hurst & Co.。  new window
2.Welsh, David(1993)。Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict。Ethnic Conflict and International Security。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
3.Kriesberg, Louis(2006)。The Development of the Conflict Resolution Field。Conflict Resolution。London：Sage。  new window
4.Kriesberg, Louis(2007)。The Conflict Resolution Field: Origins, Growth, and Differentiation。Peacemaking in International Conflict。Washington DC：United States Institute of Peace。  new window
5.Schneckener, Ulrich(2004)。Models of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: The Politics of Recognition。Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts。London：C. Hurst & Co.。  new window
6.McRae, Kenneth(1991)。Power-Sharing and Conflict Management。Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies。Lexington：Lexington Books。  new window
7.Brown, Michael(1993)。Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict。Ethnic Conflict and International Security。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
8.Smith, Anthony(1993)。The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism。Ethnic Conflict and International Security。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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