清代滇緬邊疆山區銀礦業的發展及衰落，促使礦山幫派之間的暴力衝突從礦 區蔓延到滇西的交通沿線城鎮。由於地方政府無力承擔不斷增加的命案訴訟成本，受害者持續以“京控＂管道伸冤，卻反而加劇了衝突的惡化、推進地方軍事化的發展。不斷蔓延的礦爭和社群仇殺，使得“回民＂成為被失業礦工挾持的社群整體，“漢民＂與“回民＂在這一過程中成為相互對立的社會範疇，長期社會衝突導致的族群動員，促成了杜文秀大理政權的興起。

This article reviews the history of the exploitation of silver mines on the borderland between Yunnan and Burma and discusses the social organization of miners and the influence of miner societies on this borderland. After a century of exploitation, resulting in ecoming exhausted from the 1800s to 1840s in the mid Qing dynasty, a large number of unemployed miners had to search for outlets other than mining in the deep mountains. The unemployed miners mobilized and became involved in the competition and violent conflicts in other mines, and also in some cities along the main transportation routes in western Yunnan, where they came under the jurisdiction of official counties. Along with serious conflicts among miners, an ethnic mobilization line between Hui and Han was gradually established, which resulted in increasing levels of ethnic violence between the Han and the Hui in these cities and villages along the transport routes, especially when the Hui failed to get justice when taking their case to Beijing. The following ethnic conflicts created an escalation in ethnic violence and led eventually to genocide and the Panthay rebellion.