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題名：語言和生命時程
書刊名：政大中文學報
作者：王士元
作者(外文)：Wang, William S-Y.
出版日期：2018
卷期：30
頁次：頁5-36
主題關鍵詞：老化；失智症；語言習得；神經退化；時程；Aging；Dementia；Language acquisition；Neuro-degeneration；Timeline
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比起其它靈長類，人類壽命除了明顯較長外，還多了一個有助學習的「童年期」，兩者皆是文化演化的產物。大腦在我們誕生後的頭兩年內有爆炸性成長，重量增長三倍，以吸收外在世界以及周遭文化的大量訊息。語言是一套既獨立又彼此相關的繁複技巧，在不同時程內習得，能夠達到不同的熟練度，習得結果存在大量的個別差異。學說任何語言都須習得一整套的感知敏感度，才能辨別該語言裡重要的語音區別，還得要協調及精細控制幾百條與呼吸、發聲和發音有關的肌肉。雖然越早開始越能輕鬆學會說新語言所需的運動技能，但語言的認知成分，而非其運動成分，可以在年紀很大了才掌握，如詞彙和語法。語言和行為的許多其它方面的不同時程，都在基因與環境的互動下有其源頭，若干的遺傳性病變是在幼兒期或人生的遲暮之年才浮現。儘管許多人能健康安享晚年，有些人卻飽受不同型態的神經退化折磨，如阿茲海默症。隨著世界漸趨高齡化，語言失調的挑戰在規模上快速增長，病徵也漸趨多樣複雜。希望未來的研究更應考量構成人類社會的生物多樣性和文化多樣性
Compared with other primates, humans have an extended lifespan and are blessed with the additional stage of ＂childhood＂ for learning, both of which are products of cultural evolution. Our brains grow at an explosive rate during our first two years, tripling its weight at birth, soaking up an astonishing amount of information about the physical world as well as the culture into which we are born. Language is a complex set of independent but interrelated skills, acquired at different timelines to different degrees of proficiency, with a great deal of variation across individuals. Speaking any language well requires the acquisition of a full set of perceptual sensitivities to the phonetic distinctions significant for that language. It also requires the coordination and fine control of several hundred muscles for respiration, phonation, and articulation. Although the motor skills for speaking a new language come much more easily to the young, the cognitive components of language, not its motoric components, can be mastered quite late in life, such as its vocabulary and grammar. The various timelines for language and many other aspects of behavior have their sources in the interaction of genes with environment. Several genetic pathologies surface either in infancy, or in the sunset years. While many of us live out the newly available years in good health, some suffer from various types of neuro-degeneration, and foremost among these is a severe form of dementia called the Alzheimer's disease. The challenge of language disorders has mushroomed in size and become manifold more complex with the world aging so fast. Hopefully due consideration in this area of research will be given to the biological and cultural diversity that comprise our entire humanity
期刊論文
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6.Harman, Denham(1956)。Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry。Journal of gerontology，11(3)，298-300。  new window
7.Penfield, Wilder(1965)。Conditioning the Uncommitted Cortex for Language Learning。Brain，88(4)。  new window
8.Alzheimer, A.(1911)。Über eigenartige Krankheitsfälle des späteren Alters (On certain peculiar diseases of old age)。Hist Psychiatry，2(5)。  new window
9.Anderson, John A. E.(2018)。Effects of bilingualism on white matter integrity in older adults。NeuroImage，167。  new window
10.Azevedo, Frederico A. C.(2009)。Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain。The Journal of Comparative Neurology，513(5)。  new window
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24.Lenneberg, Eric H.(1962)。Understanding language without ability to speak: a case report。Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology，65(6)。  new window
25.Li, Ping(2007)。Dynamic self-organization and early lexical development in children。Cognitive Science，31(4)。  new window
26.McMurray, Bob(2007)。Defusing the childhood vocabulary explosion。Science，317(5838)。  new window
27.Schoenemann, P. Thomas、Wang, William S.-Y.(1996)。Evolutionary principles and the emergence of syntax--Commentary on Müller: Innateness, autonomy, universality。Behavioral and Brain Sciences，19(4)。  new window
28.Schoenemann, P. Thomas(2018)。The evolution of enhanced conceptual complexity and of Broca's area, language preadaptations。Interaction Studies，19(1/2)。  new window
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30.Walhovd, Kristine B.(2011)。Consistent neuroanatomical age-related volume differences across multiple samples。Neurobiology of Aging，32(5)。  new window
31.Wang, William S.-Y.(2018)。Critical periods for language: Comment on 'Rethinking foundations of language from a multidisciplinary perspective' by T. Gong et al.。Physics of Life Review，26/27。  new window
32.Werker, Janet F.、Hensch, Takao K.(2015)。Critical periods in speech perception: new directions。Annu. Rev. Psychol.，66。  new window
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研究報告
1.杜祖貽(1993)。西方社會科學理論的移植與應用。香港。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.姜建、吳為公(1996)。朱自清年譜。合肥：安徽教育出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.Wernicke, C.(1874)。''Der aphasische Symptomencomplex,'' Eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis。Breslau：Max Cohn & Weigert。  new window
3.Penfield, Wilder、Roberts, Lamar(1959)。Speech and Brain-Mechanisms。Princeton University Press。  new window
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5.李商隱、馮浩(1981)。玉谿生詩集箋注。臺北：里仁書局。  延伸查詢new window
6.Curtiss, Susan、Whitaker, Harry A.(1977)。Genie: A psycholinguistic study of a modern-day "wild child"。New York：Academic Press。  new window
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9.Lieberman, Daniel E.(2013)。The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease。Pantheon Books。  new window
10.Wang, William S.-Y.(1982)。Explorations in Language Evolution。Hyderabad：Department of Linguistics, Osmania University。  new window
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13.劉禹錫、瞿蛻園(1989)。劉禹錫集箋證。上海古籍出版社。  延伸查詢new window
其他
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圖書論文
1.Chow, King L.(2005)。Speech and language: a human trait defined by molecular genetics。Language Acquisition, Change and Emergence: Essays in Evolutionary Linguistics。Hong Kong：City University of Hong Kong Press。  new window
2.Holland, John H.(2005)。Language acquisition as a complex adaptive system。Language Acquisition, Change and Emergence: Essays in Evolutionary Linguistics。Hong Kong：City University of Hong Kong Press。  new window
3.王士元(2006)。語言演化的探索。門內日與月 : 鄭錦全先生七秩壽慶論文集。臺北市：中央研究院語言學研究所。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.王士元(2017)。複雜系統與音節語言的形成。語言與人類複雜系統。昆明：雲南大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
5.Geschwind, Norman(2008)。人腦的分工。語言湧現：發展與演化。臺北：中研院語言學研究所。  延伸查詢new window
6.Geschwind, Norman(1976)。The development of the brain and the evolution of language。Selected Papers on Language and the Brain。D. Reidel Publishing Company。  new window
7.Lieberman, Philip、McCarthy, Robert C.(2015)。The evolution of speech and language。Handbook of Paleoanthropology。Springer-Verlag。  new window
8.Wang, William S.-Y.(2019)。Language and the brain in the sunset years。The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics。London：Routledge。  new window
 
 
 
 
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