語言表現本質為具體與抽象概念的互用，抽象概念不易表現時，自然而然透過雙方共同認知的具體事物來陳述為隱喻；而具體事物太冗長時，在不引起雙方溝通的誤解的前提下，常透過簡潔或省略形式來陳述為換喻或提喻。隱喻換喻與提喻三大比喻息息相關，成為互補，為語言表現不可或缺的手法。文中所導入的結合價圖，本質上為依據語意的深層結構，透過語用上的簡潔或省略形式，突顯出句子的表面構造，廣義上可說是一種換喻。本稿透過結合價圖與三大比喻的手法，無論是詞法的闡釋或句法的探討分析，相信對日語教學應用上必有所貢獻。

Linguistic expressions are by nature interactions between concrete concepts and abstract concepts. When there are difficulties in expressing abstract concepts, metaphors, derived from the shared understanding of concrete objects or matters, are used. On the other hand, to avoid the misunderstanding in communication, when the concept of a matter is complicate, metonymy or synecdoche, ways of representation by employing simpler substitutes, are used. The three types of figure of speech are highly correlated and complementary to each other. These are indispensable skills in linguistic expressions. The valency diagrams in this study are deep structure based on the semantics of sentences. By employing simpler or shorten clausal formats, the surface structures are pointed out, and this could be treated as a metonymy in a broad sense. In applying valency diagrams and three approaches of figure of speech to the syntactic analyses, Japanese teaching would surely benefit a lot.