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題名:共變數分析功能、假設及使用之限制
書刊名:師大學報
作者:范德鑫
出版日期:1992
卷期:37
頁次:頁133-163
主題關鍵詞:功能共變數使用假設
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(8) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 點閱點閱:68
     本文共分為六部分,第一部分敘述共變數分析的理論模式;第二部分說明共變數分析的兩個主要功能-消除系統的偏差和增加實驗的精確性;第三部分陳述共變數分析所依據之假設和違反假設所造成的影響,同時也提出部分因應之策略。共變數分析所依據之主要假設包括:(1)隨機分派(2)共變量不受處理影響(3)共變量為固定且測量無誤差(4)共變量與依變量呈直線關係(5)迴歸斜率相等(6)有關實驗誤差之假設(包括獨立性,變異同質性及常態性);第四部分討論使用原樣團體(intact group)時應該注意的事項;第五部分指出使用共變數分析應留意的其他問題,最末部分指出研究者使用共變數分析應持之態度。共變數分析自創用至今已超過半世紀之久,由於它具有統計控制和增進研究之精確性的功能,因而為研究者所樂用。由於現有統計書籍大都強調如何計算而忽略討論此方法使用的限制,以致造成研究者經常誤用、濫用之情事。   本文主要目的在於提醒研究者,共變數分析是一個相當「脆弱」的工具,使用時應小心為要。也只有對此法之功能與限制透徹了解,研究結果才有意義。 1932年Fisher創用共變數分析方法至今,整整近一甲子的歷史,雖然此法目前已廣為國內外研究者所使用,但是目前它仍是一種易為研究者誤解和誤用的統計方法(Porter & Raudenbush, 1987),難怪Elashoff(1967)說它是一種脆弱的工具(delicate instrument)。目前國內統計書雖然都有談及這種方法。可惜的是,作者大都把此方法視為變異數分析之延伸,強調如何計算,但對其功用與假設不是未交代清楚,就是根本未提。研究者在一知半解的情況下使用此種方法進行資料分析,研究的結果令人懷疑,更遑論有多少價值了。本文主要目的在討論共變數分析之理論依據、功能、所需之假設及其他一些使用此統計方法時應注意之事項。希望它有助於研究者對此方法的正確了解與應用。至於計算方法,讀者可以參閱林清山(民81)心理與教育統計學;朱經明(民78)教育統計學,或謝廣全(民73)最新實用心理與教育統計學。
     The analsyis of covariance (ANCOVA) is one of the statistical techniques frequently used by educational researchers because it has the functions of statistical control and reduction of within group or error variance. However, it is a very delicate and commonly misunderstood procedure. So that users can accurately use ANCOVA, the author discusses it in terms of the following six parts. The first part describes its rationale and model. The second part depicts ANCOVA's two major functions-elimination of systematic bias and reduction of within group or error variance. The assumptions of the model, effects of voilation, and corresponding strategies to be used are illustrated in the third part. The assumptions examind are: (1) that cases are randomly assigned to treatment conditions, (2) that the covariate is independent of the treatment effect, (3) that the covariate is fixed and measured without error, (4) that the covariate is linearly related to the dependent variable, (5) that regression of the dependent variable on the covariate is the same for each group, and (6) that the assumptions regarding experimental error (including independence, homogeneity of variance, and nomality) have not been violated. The use of ANCOVA with intact groups is discussed in the fourth part. Some miscellaneous considerations are raised in the fifth part. The final part summarizes the pratical steps involved in utilizing ANCOVA.
期刊論文
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7.Barcikowsk, R. S.(1981)。Statistical power with group mean as the unit of analysis。Journal of Educational Statistics,6,276-285。  new window
8.Cochran, W. G.(1957)。Analysis of covariance: its nature and uses。Biometrics,13(3),261-281。  new window
9.Elashoff, J. D.(1969)。Analysis of covariarice: A delicate instrument。American Educational Research Journal,6,383-401。  new window
10.Evans, S. H.、Anastasio, E. H.(1968)。Misuse of analysis of covariance when treatment effect and covariate are confounded。Psychological Bulletin,69,225-234。  new window
11.Feldt, L. S.(1958)。A comparison of the precision employing a concomitant variable。Psychometrika,23,335-353。  new window
12.Gourlay, N.(1953)。Covariance analysis and its applications in psychological research。British Journal of Psychological Statistics,6,25-34。  new window
13.Huck, S. W.(1972)。The Analysis of Covariance: Increased Power Though Reduced Variability。Journal of Experimental Education,41,42-46。  new window
14.Huck, S. W.、McLean, R. A.(1975)。Using a repeated measures ANOVA to analyze the data from a pretest-posttest design: A potentially confusing task。Psychological Bulletin,82,511-518。  new window
15.Jennings, E.(1988)。Models for pretest-posttest data: repeated measures ANOVA revisted。Journal of Educational Statistics,13,273-280。  new window
16.Kahneman, D.(1965)。Control of spurious association and the reliability of the controlled variable。Psychological Bulletin,64,326-329。  new window
17.Mandansky, A.(1959)。The fitting of the straight lines when both variables are subject to error。American Statistical Association Journal,54,173-205。  new window
18.Lord, F. M.(1969)。Statistical adjustments when comparing pre-existing groups。Psychological Bulletin,70,162-179。  new window
19.Lord, F. M.(1960)。Large sample covariance analysis when the control variable is fallible。American Statistical Association Journal,55,307-321。  new window
20.Porter, A. C.、Raudenbush, S. W.(1987)。Analysis of covariance: Its model and use in psychological research。Counseling Psychology,34,383-392。  new window
21.Scariano, S. M.、Davenport, J. M.(1987)。The effects of violations of independence assumptions in the one-way ANOVA。The American Statistician,41,123-129。  new window
22.Box, G. E. P.、Tiao, G. C.(1975)。Intervention analysis with applications to economic and environmental problems。Journal of the American Statistical Association,70(349),70-79。  new window
研究報告
1.Baker, C. W.(1972)。The analysis of covariance: A review and discussion。  new window
2.Horst, D. P.、Tallmadge, C. K.、Wood, C. T.(1974)。Measuring achievement gains in educational projects。Los Altos, Ca:RMC Research Corporation。  new window
3.Peckham, P. D.(1968)。An investigation of the effects of non-homogeneity of regression slops upon the F-test of analysis of covariance。Boulder, Colorado:University of Colorado。  new window
學位論文
1.Porter, A. C.(1967)。The effects of using fallible variables in the analysis of covariance(博士論文)。University of Wisconsin,Wisconsin。  new window
圖書
1.Marascuilo, L. A.、Serlin, R. C.(1988)。Statistical methods for the social and behavioral sciences。New York:W. H. Freeman。  new window
2.朱經明(1989)。教育統計學。臺北:五南。  延伸查詢new window
3.Stevens, J. P.(1990)。Intermediate statistics: A modern approach。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
4.Snedecor, G. W.、Cochran, W. G.(1989)。Statistical Methods。Ames:The Iowa State University Press。  new window
5.謝廣全(1984)。實用心理與教育統計學。高雄市:復文。  延伸查詢new window
6.Bock, R. D.(1975)。Multivariate statistical methods in behavioral research。New York:McGraw-Hill。  new window
7.Becker, W. C.、Engelmann, S.(1976)。Teaching 3: Evaluation of instruction。Chicago:Science Research Associates, Inc.。  new window
8.Fisher, R. A.(1934)。The design of experiments。London:Oliver and Boyd。  new window
9.Glass, G. V.、Hopkins, K. D.(1984)。Statistics in education and psychology。Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall。  new window
10.Glass, G. V.、Willson, V. L.、Gottman, J. M.(1975)。Design and analysis of time series experiments。Colorado Associated University Press。  new window
11.Hope, K.(1968)。Methods of multivariate analysis。New York:Godon & Breach。  new window
12.Huitema, B.(1980)。The analysis of covariance and alternatives。New York:Wiley。  new window
13.Kennedy, J. J.、Bush, A. J.(1985)。An introduction to the design and analysis of experiments in behavioral research。New York:University Press of America。  new window
14.Li, Jerome C. R.(1964)。Statistical inference。Ann Arbor, Michigan:Edwards Brothers, Inc.。  new window
15.Murphy, K. R.、Davidshofer, C. O.(1990)。Psychological testing: Principles and applications。Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall。  new window
16.Pedhazur, Elazar J.(1982)。Multiple regression in behavioral research。Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.。  new window
17.Scheffe, Henry A.(1959)。The Analysis of Variance。John Wiley & Sons。  new window
18.Winer, B. J.(1971)。Statistical Principles in Experimental Design。New York:McGraw-Hill。  new window
19.林清山(1992)。心理與教育統計學。東華書局。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Reichardt, C. S.(1979)。The statistical analysis of data from nonequivalent group designs。Quasi-experiment: Design and analysis issues for field settings。Chicago:Rand McNally。  new window
 
 
 
 
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