中文部分：
丁興祥、李美枝、陳皎眉著(民84)。社會心理學。台北：國立空中大學。
汪履維(民70)。台北市國民中學學生價值觀念及其對學校疏離傾向的關係。國立師範大學教育研究所碩士論文( 未出版)。
邱文彬、林美珍(民87)。大學生邁向成熟的同儕人際關係：容忍性、同理心、自我揭露與自主性發展的探討。國 立政治大學心理學系博士班獨立研究(未出版)。
李美枝(民76)。社會心理學。台北：大洋出版社。
林美珍等著(民80)。發展心理學。台北：心理出版社。
傅偉勳(民77)。批判的繼承與創造的發展。台北：東大圖書公司。
詹志禹(民75)。年級、性別角色、人情取向與同理心的關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
張春興(民81)。張氏心理學辭典(修正版二刷)。台北：東華書局。
張新仁(民71)。國中學生學習行為－學習方法、學習習慣與學習態度之研究。國立師範大學教育研究所碩士論文( 未出版)。葛樹人(民80)。心理測驗學。台北：桂冠圖書公司。
楊牧貞、黃光國(民69)。自我揭露的楔型模式及其相關變項。中華心理學刊，26卷，1期，頁51-70。賴保禎(民69)。基氏人格測驗。台北：中國行為科學社。
西文部分：
Adams, G. R.(1983). Social competence during adolescence: Social sensitivity, locus of control, empathy, and peer popularity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 203-211.
Adams, G. R., Schvaneveldt, J. D., & Jenson, G. O.(1979). Sex, age and perceived competency as correlates of empathic ability in adolescence. Adolescence, 14, 811-818.
Adler, A.(1958). What life should mean to you. NY: Ork.
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A.(1973). Social penetration and the development of interpersonal relationship. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Archer, R. L.(1987). Commentary: Self-disclosure, a very useful behavior. In V. J. Derlege & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 329-342). NY: Plenum.
Arlin, P. K.(1975). Cognitive development in adulthood: A fifth stage? Developmental Psychology, 11, 602-606.
Arlin, P. K.(1980). Adolescent and adult thought: A search for structures. 10th Annual Meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, Philadelphia.
Arlin, P. K.(1984). Adolescent and adult thought. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 258-271). NY: Praeger.
Arlin, P. K.(1989). Problem solving and problem finding in young artists and young scientists. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1, Comparisons and applications of developmental models (pp.197-216). NY: Praeger.
Armon, C.(1984). Ideals of the good life and moral judgment: Ethical reasoning across the life span. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 357-380). NY: Praeger.
Astin, H. S.(1967). Assessment of empathic ability by means of a situational test. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 57-60.Baker, R. G.(1982). The importance of developmental learning theories to industrial arts educators. Man Society Technology. March 1982.
Basseches, M.(1980). Dialectical schemata: A framework for the empirical study of the development of dialectical thinking. Human Development, 23, 400-421.
Basseches, M.(1984). Dialectical thinking and adult development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Basseches, M.(1989). Dialectical thinking as an organized whole: Comments on Irwin and Kramer. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1, Comparisons and applications of developmental models (pp.161-178). NY: Praeger.
Benack, S.(1984). Postformal epistemologies and the growth of empathy. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 340-356). NY: Praeger.
Benack, S., & Basseches, M.(1989). Dialectical thinking and relativistic epistemology: Their relation in adult development. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1, Comparisons and applications of developmental models (pp.95-112). NY: Praeger.
Bennett, M. J.(1986). A development approach to training intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179-196.
Bernard, J.(1975). Women, wives, mothers: Values and options. Chicago: Aldine.
Birren, P. & Woodruff, D.(1973). Human development over the life span through education. In P. Baltes & W. Schaie (Eds.), Life-Span Developmental Psychology. NY: Academic Press.
Blanchard-Fields, F.(1986). Reasoning on social dilemmas varying in emotional saliency: An adult developmental perspective. Psychology and Aging, 1, 325-333.
Blanchard-Fields, F.(1989). Postformal reasoning in a socioemotional context. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1, Comparisons and applications of developmental models (pp.73-94). NY: Praeger.
Blos, P.(1967). The Second Inviduation Process of Adolescence. Psychoanalysis Study of The Child, 22, 162-186.
Borke, H.(1971). Interpersonal perception of young children: Egocentricism or empathy. Developmental Psychology, 5, 263-269.
Brainerd, C. J.(1978). Piaget''''s theory of intelligence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Broughton, J.(1978). The development of concepts of self, mind, reality, and knowledge. In W. Damon (Ed), Social Cognition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Broughton, J. M.(1981). The divided self in adolescent. Human Development, 24: 13-32.
Campell, D, T., & Stanley, J. C.(1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Campbell, R. L, & Bickhard, M. H.(1986). Knowing levels and developmental stages. Contributions to human development (Vol. 16). Basel: Karger.
Cavanaugh, J. C., & Stafford, H.(1989). Being aware of issues and biases: Directions for research on postformal thought. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1, Comparisons and applications of developmental models (pp.279-292). NY: Praeger.
Cavanaugh, J. C., Kramer, D. A., Sinnott, J. D. Camp, C. J., & Markley, R. P.(1985). On missing links and such: Interfaces between cognitive research and everyday problem-solving. Human Development, 28, 146-148.
Chandler, M. J.(1987). The Othello effect. Essay on the emergence and eclipse of skeptical doubt. Human Development, 30, 137-159.
Chene, A.(1983). The concept of autonomy in adult education: A philosophical discussion. Adult Education Quarterly, 34, 38-47.
Chickering, A. W.(1969). Education and Identity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L.(1993). Education and Identity (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Clarke-Stewart, A., & Friedman, S.(1987). Child development: Infancy through adolescence. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Commons, M., & Richards, F. A.(1984). A general model of stage theory. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations, Vol. 1. Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 141-157). NY: Praeger.
Commons, M., Richards, F., & Armon, C.(Eds.).(1984). Beyond formal operations: Late adolescence and adult cognitive development. NY: Praeger.
Commons, M., Richards, F., & Kuhn, D.(1982). Systematic and meta- systematic reasoning: A case for levels of reasoning beyond Piaget''''s stage of formal operations. Paper presented at the symposium on post-formal operations. Havard University, April.
Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T.(1979). Quasi-Experimentation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Cooper, D. L., Healy, M. A., & Simpson, J.(1994). Student development through involvement: Specific changes over time. Journal of college Student Development, 35, 98-102.
Coupland, J., Coupland, H., Giles, H., & Wieman, J.(1988). My life in your hands: Processes of self-disclosure in intergenerational talk. In N. Coupland (Ed.), Styles of discourse (pp. 201-253). London: Croom Helm.
Coutu, W.(1951). Role-playing vs. role-taking: An appeal for clarification. American Sociological Review, 16, 180-184.
Danish, S. J., & Kegan, N.(1971). Measurement of affective sensitivity: Toward a valid measure of interpersonal perception. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18, 51-54.
Davis, M. H.(1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Document in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M. H.(1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
Derlega, V. J., & Grzelak, J.(1979). Appropriateness of self-disclosure. In G. J. Chelune (Ed.), Self-disclosure: Origin, patterns, and implications of openness in interpersonal relationships (pp. 151-176). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T.(1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Deway, J.(1948). Reconstruction in philosophy. Boston: Beacon Press. (First published 1920).
Douvan, E.(1981). Capacity of intimacy. In A. W. Chickering (Ed.), The modern American college (pp. 191-211). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dunphy, D. C.(1963). The social structure of urban adolescent peer groups. Sociometry, 26, 230-246.
Dymond, R. F.(1949). A scale for the measurement of empathic ability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 343-350.
Einstein, A.(1961). Relativity: The special and general theory. NY: Crown.
Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Lennon, R.(1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Mussen, P.(1978). Empathy and moral development in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 14, 185-186.
Engels, F.(1940). Dialectics of nature. NY: International Publishers.
Erikson, E. H.(1963). Childhood and society. NY: Norton.
Erikson, E. H.(1964). Insight and responsibility. NY: Norton.
Erikson, E. H.(1968). Youth and Crisis. NY: Norton
Feshbach, N. D.(1982). Sex differences in empathy and social behavior in children. In N. Eisenberg-Berg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior. NY: Academic Press.
Feshbach, N. D., & Roe, K.(1968). Empathy in six-and seven-year- olds. Child Development, 34, 133-145.
Festinger, L.(1951). Architecture and group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 1, 152-163.
Fournier, D. G., Olson, D. H., & Druckman, J. M.(1983). Assessing marital and pre-marital relationships: The PREPARE-ENRICH inventories. In E. E. Filsinger (Ed.), Marriage and family assessment: A source book for family therapy (pp. 229-250). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Franzoi, S. L., Davis, M. H., & Young, R. D.(1985). The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1584-1594.
Freud, S.(1953). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey (Ed. And Tran.). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 130-243). London: Hogarth Press.
Freud, S.(1962). Civilization and its discontents (J. Strachey, Trans. and Ed.). New York: Norton. (First published 1930).
Freud, A.(1966). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. NY: International Universities Press.
Furby, L.(1979). Inqualities in personal possessions: Explanations for and judgements about unequal distributions. Human Development, 22, 180-210.
Garthoeffner, J. L., Henry, C. S., & Robinson, L. C.(1993). The modified interpersonal relationship scale: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 73, 995-1004.
Germer, C. K., Efran, J. S., & Overton, W. F.(1982). The organicism-mechanism paradigm inventory: Toward the measurement of metaphysical assumptions. Paper presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, MD.
Gilligan, C.(1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women''''s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goffman, E.(1959). The presentation of self in every day life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
Golestein, A. P., & Michaels, G. Y.(1985). Empathy: Development, training, and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gould, R.(1972). The phases of adult life: A study in developmental psychology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 521-530.
Gould, R.(1978). Transformations: Growth and change in adulthood. NY: Simon & Schuster.
Greeley, A. T., & Tinsley, H.(1983). Autonomy and intimacy development in college students: Sex differences and predictors. Journal of College Student Development, 29, 512-520.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S.(1994). Competing paradigm in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Ed.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Guerney, B. G., Jr.(1977). Relationship enhancement: Skill training programs for therapy, problem prevention, and enrichment. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Harris, M., Fontana, A. F., & Dowds, B. N.(1977). The world hypothesis scale: Rationale, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 537-547.
Hartley, D. G.(1980). Adult cognitive development: problem finding and problem solving. 6th Bienial Meeting of the Southeastern Conference in Human Development, Alexandria, Va.
Hallingshead, A. B.(1957). Social class and mental illness: A community study. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Havighurst, R. J.(1951). Human development and education. NY: David Mckay.
Havighurst, R. J.(1972).Developmental tasks and education (3rd. ed.). NY: David Mckay.
Havighurst, R. J.(1975). Social functions and issues in general education. North Central Association Quarterly, 50, 288-292.
Heisenberg, W.(1958). Physics and philosophy. NY: Harper & Row.
Hess, W. D., & Winston, R. B., Jr.(1995). Developmental task achievement and students'''' intentions to participate in developmental activities. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 314-321.
Higbee, J. L., & Dwinell, P. L.(1992). The development of underprepared freshmen enrolled in a self-awareness course. Journal of College Student Development, 33, 26-33.
Hinz, K., Benton, S. E., Pollard, K. D., & Jerrolds, B. W.(1983).A comparison of developmental task assessments of remedial and regularly admitted students. Georgia Educational Researcher, 2, 50-62.
Hogan, R.(1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H.(1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
Holtgraves, T.(1990). The language of self-disclosure. In H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds), Handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 191-207). Chichester, UK: John Wiely.
Hurlock, E. B.(1980). Developmental therapy: Theory into practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Infeld, L., & Einstein, A.(1938). The evolution of physics: The growth of ideas from early concepts to relativity and quanta. NY: Simon & Schuster.
Josselson, R.(1987). Finding herself. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Jourard, S. M.(1971). Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. NY: Wiley-Interscience.
Jung, C. G.(1933). Psychological types. NY: Harcourt, Brace, & World.
Kahlbaugh, P. E., & Kramer, D. A.(1989). A study of the relationship between cognitive frames of reference and identity crisis in late adolescence. Paper presented at the 2nd Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Alexandria, VA.
Kant, I.(1964). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. (H. J. Paton, Trans.; 3rd ed.). NY: Harper & Row. (First published 1785).
Katz, R. L.(1963). Empathy: Its nature and uses. NY: Free Press.
Kaye, H.(1977). Early experience as the basis for unity and cooperation of ''''differences''''. In N. Datan & H. W. Reese, Life developmental psychology: dialectical perspectives on experimental research (pp. 343-364). NY: Academic Press.
Keefe, T.(1979). The development of empathic skill. Journal of Education for Social Work, 15, 30-37.
Kegan, R.(1979). The evolving self: A process conception for ego psychology. Counseling Psychology, 8, 5-39.
Kegan, R.(1982). The evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Kett, J.(1977). Rites of Passage. NY: Basic Books.
King, P. M., Kitchener, K. S., Davison, M. L., Parker, C. A., & Wood, P. K.(1983). The justification of beliefs in young adults: A longitudinal study. Human Development, 26, 106-115.
Kirk, R. E.(1982). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavior sciences (2nd ed). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Kitchener, K. S., & King, P. M.(1981). Reflective judgment: Concepts of justification and their relation to age and education. Journal of applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 91-105.
Koestler, A.(1949). The novelist deals with character. Saturday Review of Literature, 32, 7-8.
Koestler, A.(1967). The Art of Creation. New York: Dell. Marini, M. M.(1985). Determinants of the timing of adult role entry. Social Science Research, 14, 309-350.
Kohlberg, L.(1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In T. Lickona(Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior. NY: Holt.
Kohlberg, L.(1981). Essays on moral development, Vol. 1, The philosophy of moral development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
Kohlberg, L.(1984). Essays on moral development, Vol. 2, The philosophy of moral development. Moral stages, their nature and validity. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
Koplowitz, H.(1978). Unitary thought. A projection beyond Piaget''''s formal operations stage. Unpublished manuscript. (A version of this paper was presented at the Post-Formal Operations Conference, Harvard University, April 1981).
Koplowitz, H.(1984). A projection beyond Piaget''''s formal-operations stage. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescence and adult cognitive development (pp. 272-295). NY: Praeger.
Kosok, M.(1972). The formalization of Hegel''''s dialectical logic. In A. McIntyre (Ed.), Hegel: A collection of critical essays. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
Kramer, D. A.(1981). Logic in action: a ''''not-so-logical'''' approach to daily problem solving. Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Kramer, D. A.(1983). Post-formal operations? A need for further conceptualization. Human Development, 26, 91-105.
Kramer, D. A.(1989). A developmental framework for understanding conflict resolution processes. In J. D. Sinnott (Ed.), Everyday problem solving in adulthood (pp. 133-152). NY: Praeger.
Kramer, D. A., Kahlbaugh, P. E., & Goldston, R. B.(1990). A measure of paradigm beliefs about the social world. (Submitted for publication).
Kramer, D. A., Kahlbaugh, P. E., & Goldston, R. B.(1992). A measure of paradigm beliefs about the social world. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological science, 47, 180-189.
Kramer, D. A., & Melchior, J.(1990). Gender, role, conflict, and the development of relativistic and dialectical thinking. Sex Roles, 23, 553-575.
Kramer, D. A., Melchior, J., & Levine, C. B.(1987). Age-relevance of content material on relativistic and dialectical reasoning. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Symposium of the Jean Piaget Society, Philadelphia, PA.
Kramer, D. A., & Woodruff, D. S.(1986). Relativistic and dialectical thought in three adult age-groups. Human Development, 29, 280-290.
Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W.(1937). The theory of the estimation of test reliability. Psychometrika, 2, 151-160.Kuhn, T. S.(1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, D., Pennington, N., & Leadbeater, B.(1982). Adult thinking in developmental perspective. In P. B. Baltes & O. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 157-195). NY: Academic Press.
Kurdek, L. A. & Schmitt, J. P.(1986). Early development of relationship quality in heterosexual married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian couples. Developmental Psychology, 22, 305-309
Labouvie-Vief, G.(1980a). Beyond formal operations: Uses and limits of pure logic in life-span development. Human Development, 23, 141-161.
Labouvie-Vief, G.(1980b). Adaptive dimensions of adult cognition. In N. Datan & N. Lohmann(Eds.), Transition of aging (pp. 3-26). NY: Academic Press.
Labouvie-Vief, G.(1980c). Individual time, social time and intellectual aging. In T. Hareven & K. Adams (Eds.), Aging and life-course transitions: A interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 150-182). NY: Guiford Press.
Labouvie-Vief, G.(1982). Dynamic development and mature autonomy. A theoretical prologue. Human Development, 25, 161-196.
Labouvie-Vief, G.(1984). Logic and self-regulation from youth to maturity: A model. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 158-179). NY: Praeger.
Labouvie-Vief, G., Adams, C., Hakim-Larson, J., & Hayden, M.(1983). Contexts of logic: The growth of interpretation from pre-adolescence to mature adulthood. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit.
Langford, P. E.(1975). The development of the concept of development. Human Development, 18, 321-332.
Larson, D. G.,& Chastain, R. L.(1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization, measurement, and health implication. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 439-455.
Levinger, G., & Snoek, D. J.(1972). Attraction in relationship: A new look at interpersonal attraction. Morristown, NJ: General Learning.
Leong, F. T. L.(1984). Counseling international students. Searchlight plus: Relevant resources in high interest areas. Ann Arbor, MI: Educational Resources Information Center.
Levinson, D., Darrow, C., Klein, E., Levinson, M. H., & McKee, B.(1978). The seasons of man''''s life. NY: Knopf.
Lindsley, J. R.(1994). Rational therapy in a constructivistic frame. The behavior Therapist, 17, 160-162.
Loevinger, J.(1976). Ego development: Conceptions and theories. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Luzzo, D. A.(1995). The relative contributions of self-efficacy and locus of control to the prediction of career maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 61-66.
Macarov, D.(1978). Empathy: The charismatic chimera. Journal of Education for social work, 14, 86-92.
Marini, M. M.(1985). Determinants of the timing of adult role entry. Social Science Research, 14: 309-350.
Markova, I.(1982). Paradigm, thought, and language. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Martin, J. E., Silva, D. G., Newman, J. H., & Thayer, J. F.(1994). An investigation into the structure of epistemological style. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 617-629.
Marx, K.(1967). Writing of the young Marx on philosophy and society, tran. by L. D. Easton & K. H. Guddat (Eds.). Garden City, NY: Anchor.
May, K. M., & Logan, C. R.(1993). Family type and the accomplishment of developmental tasks among college students. Journal of College Student Development, 34, 397-400.
Mayer, R. E.(1981). The promise of cognitive psychology. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
Mead, G. H.(1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mebarbian, A., & Epstein, N.(1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
Miller, J. B.(1976). Toward a New Psychology of Women. Boston: Beacon Press.
Miller, P. H.(1989). Theories of developmental psychology (2ed ed.). NY: Freeman & Company.
Miller, S. A.(1998). Developmental research methods (2nd ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Miller, L. C., & Read, S. J.(1987). Why am I telling you this? Self-disclosure in a goal-based model of personality. In V. J. Derlega & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 35-38). NY: Plinum.
Murphy, M. C., & Archer, Jr., J. A.(1996). Stressors on the college campus: A comparison of 1985 and 1993. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 20-28.
Murphy, J. M., & Gilligan, C.(1980). Moral development in late adolescent and adulthood: A critique and reconstruction of Kolhberg''''s thoery. Human Development, 23, 77-104.
Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B.(1974). Adolescent personality development and historical change: 1970 －1972. Monograph of Social Research in Child Development, 39: serial No. 154.
Neugarten, B. L.(1968). Middle life and aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Neugarten, B. L., Moore, J. W., & Lowe, J. C.(1965). Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 710-717.
Niles, S. G., Sowa, C. J., & Laden, J.(1994). Life role participation and commitment as predictors of college student development. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 159-163.
Olsen, D., Basseches, M., & Richards, F. A.(1982). Dialectical thinking as a postformal-operational level of cognitive organization: The development of a comprehension and preference instrument. Unpublished manuscript. Cornell University.
Ouspensky, P.(1970). Tertium organism: A key to the enigmas of the world. New York: Vintage Books. (First published 1920).
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T.(1991). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Pascual-Leone, J.(1983). Growing into human maturity: Toward a metasubjective theory of adult stages. In P. B. Baltes & O. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 117-156). NY: Academic Press.
Pascual-Leone, J.(1984). Attentional, dialectic, and mental effort: Toward an organismic theory of life stage. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 182-215). NY: Praeger.
Paterson, R. W. K. Values, education and the adult. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Peirce, C. S.(1878/1966). How to make our ideas clear. Partially reprinted in A. Rorty (Ed.), Pragmatic philosophy. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Colder, M., & Sharp, L. K.(1988). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Hoover, C. W.(1985). Inhibition and cognition: Toward an understanding of trauma and disease. In R. J. Davison, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation (Vol. 4, pp. 107-136). NY: Plenum.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Susman, J. R.(1988). Disclosure of traumas and Psychomatic processes. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 327-332.
Pepper, S. C.(1942). World hypotheses. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Perry, W. G.(1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Petronio, S., & Martin, J. N.(1986). Ramifications of revealing private information: A gender gap. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 499-506.
Piaget, J.(1950). The psychology of intelligence. NY: International Universities Press.
Plank, R. E., Minton, A. P., & Reid, D. A.(1996). A short measure of perceived empathy. Psychological Reports, 79, 1219-1226.
Plikington, C. J., & Richardson, D. R.(1988). Perceptions of risk in intimacy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 503-508.
Poon, L. W.(1985). Differences in human memory with aging: Nature, causes, and clinical implications. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 427-462). NY: Van Nostrand Reihold.
Powell, P. M.(1980). Advanced social role-taking and cognitive development in gifted adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 11, 177-192.
Powell, P. M.(1984). Stage 4a: Category operations and interactive empathy. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development(pp. 326-339). NY: Praeger.
Rawls, J.(1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Riegel, K. F.(1973). Dialectic operations: The final period of cognitive development. Human Development, 16, 346-370.
Riegel, K. F.(1975). Toward a dialectical theory of development. Human Development, 19, 50-64.
Riegel, K. F.(1977). The dialectics of time. In N. Datan & H. W. Reese, Lifespan developmental psychology: dialectical perspectives on experimental research (pp. 4-46). NY: Academic Press.
Robertson, H. P., & Noonan, T. W.(1968). Relativity and cosmology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Rogers, C. R.(1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R.(1970). Carl Rogers on encounter groups. NY: Harper & Row.
Rogers, C. R.(1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5, 2-10.
Rybash, J. M., & Roodin, P. A.(1989). Making decisions about health-care problems: A comparison of formal and postformal modes of competence. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1, Comparisons and applications of developmental models (pp.217-238). NY: Praeger.
Schaie, K. W.(1977). Toward a stage theory of adult development. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 8, 129-138.
Schaie, K. W.(1984). Historical time and cohort effects. In K. A. McCluskey & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Historical and generational effects (pp. 1-15). NY: Academic Press.
Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R.(1968). A cross-sequential study of age changes in cognitive behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 671-680.
Schlein, S. P.(1971). Training dating couples in empathic and open communication: An experimental evaluation of a potential mental health program. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
Schuster, C. S., & Ashburn, S. S.(1988). The process of human development. New York: Ann West of Little, Brown & Company.
Sebby, R. A., & Papini, D. R.(1991). Perceived problem relevancy and its relationship to reasoning on everyday problems. In J. D. Sinnott, & J. C. Cavanaugh (Eds.), Bridging paradigms: Positive development in adulthood and cognitive aging (pp. 153-167). NY: Praeger.
Sebby, R. A., & Papini, D. R.(1994). Postformal reasoning during adolescence and young adulthood: The influence of problem relevancy. Adolescence, 29, 389-400.
Selman, R. L.(1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. NY: Academic Press.
Selman, R. L., & Byrne, D. F. A.(1974). A structural-developmental analysis of levels of role-taking in middle childhood. Child Development, 45, 803-806.
Sheehan, O. T., & Perason, F.(1995). Asian international and American students'''' psychosocial development. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 522-530.
Siegel, S., & Castellan, N. J.(1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Sinnott, J. D.(1981) The theory of relativity: A metatheory for development? Human Development, 24, 292-311.
Sinnott, J. D.(1984). Postformal reasoning: The relativistic stage. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development(pp. 298-325). NY: Praeger.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E.(1970). SATI manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ("self-evaluation questionnaire"). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Sullivan, H. S.(1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. NY: Norton.
Thompson, E. H., & Pleck, J. H.(1987). The structure of male role norms. In M. S. Kimmel(Ed.), Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity (pp. 25-36). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Turner, R. H.(1956). Role-taking, role-standpoint and reference-group behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 61, 316-328.
Vaillant, G. E.(1977). Adaptation to life. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
von Glasersfeld, E.(1984). An introduction to radical constructivism. In P. Walzlawick (Ed.), The invented Reality (pp. 17-40). NY: Norton.
Weathersby, R. P.(1981). Ego development. In A. W. Chickering and Associates, The modern American college: Responding to the new realities of diverse students and a changing society. San Frascisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
White, R. W.(1958). Lives in Progress. NY: Dryden Press.
White, R. W.(1981). Humanitarian concern. In A. W. Chickering and Associates, The modern American college: Responding to the new realities of diverse students and a changing society. San Frascisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Winston, R. B., Jr.(1990). The Student Development Task and Lifestyle Inventory: An approach to measuring students'''' psychosocial development. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 108-120.
Winston, R. B., Jr., & Hess, W. D.(1995).Developmental task achievement and students'''' intentions to participate in developmental activities. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 314-321.
Winston, R. B. Jr., Miller, T. K., & Prince, J. S.(1979). Assessing student development: A preliminary manual for the Student Developmental Task Inventory (revised second edition) and the Student Developmental Profile and Planning Record. Athens, GA: Student Development Associates.
Winston, R. B. Jr., Miller, T. K., & Prince, J. S.(1987). Student Development Task and Lifestyle Inventory. Athens, GA: Student Development Associates.