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題名:詹姆士‧庫柏小說中的歷史意識與社會意識
作者:陳思仁
作者(外文):Chen Szu-Jen
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:史學研究所
指導教授:孫同勛
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:詹姆士‧庫柏歷史小說十九世紀文藝復興價值觀父長式相關性美國史特殊主義共和主義自由美國史James Fenimore Cooperhistorical Novelnineteenth centuryAmerican historyexceptionalismRepublicanismfree
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跨十九世紀中葉前後,班克勞夫寫成十冊《美國史》。他將美國歷史寫成一部追求並完成「自由」的天路歷程。「自由」的歷史敘述,成為美國歷史書寫的一項重要內容。而他的「浪漫」歷史書寫模式也成為十九世紀美國國家歷史書寫的模式。相較於班克勞夫的「浪漫」歷史書寫模式,庫柏歷史小說文本的書寫模式卻是「悲劇」的。
班克勞夫與庫柏皆成長於十九世紀前半葉的美國,他們兩人都同樣面臨到美國經濟社會的改變,以及政治活動更趨於「民主化」的社會過程。面對這樣地歷史發展,他們兩人卻持有不同的歷史視野。
首先,十九世紀前葉的美國經濟,正逐步走向以「商業」為主的經濟活動,尤以東部沿大西洋岸的地區,因為受益於歐洲戰事而增進港口商船活動,也間接幫助美國境內土地開發以及農業商品化。這種以商業為導向的經濟,引導美國金融業走向「紙幣信用」以及「信貸」等的現代金融社會,並鼓舞「競爭」、「追求私利」以取代「互惠」與「公利」的價值觀。而這種發展,有違於美國繼承自文藝復興、英國的古典共和政治思想的經濟理想,以致於在美國內部產生不同的政治思想的思辯。更甚者,十九世紀中葉後,美國積極開拓密西西比河以西的西北土地,帶來許多來自歐洲或東岸下層階級的「移民」,而在鼓吹「西進運動」時,更是強調「自力更生」、「自利」、「個人自由」等個人主義。
於是,強調競爭的社會將會有利於社會進步,強調追求自利的總結果將是有助於公利,以及強調追求自利是屬於個人自由,因此不得受人限制。於是,一個新的,強調未經他人同意而限制他人行為言論即為「不自由」的自由觀,逐漸取代古典共和思想的以強調「不依賴他人意志」是為自由的自由觀。美國政治思想中的「自由」議題,在十九世紀前葉中,有了進一步地轉變。於是,持有古典共和思想的美國人,視十九世紀美國經濟的轉變是「腐敗」的到來,並視這種追求自利行為的結果是不會有利於公利,也認為,自由觀的改變,其結果將是更多「仰賴他人意志」的人主導共和政治。
文藝復興所恢復的羅馬共和政治思想,視「腐敗」與實踐於世俗的共和政治有著密切相關性。在十六、七世紀的英國,共和政治思想就已有針對英國的歷史現象而討論「腐敗」問題以及避免「腐敗」的方案。其中,論及到共和仰賴公民的「獨立」(包括財產上的獨立),以及維持共和政治與「農業」經濟的相關性。因此,當十九世紀的美國經濟走向以商業化為主,並且,對於公民獨立的問題強調的是個人自主,這就促使有古典共和政治思想的美國人意識到「腐敗」共和的因素的到來。庫柏就是其例。
在美國歷史意識中,因為它包含有新教、共和以及自由三項要素,也因為這特別只存在於美國的歷史意識中,所以,羅斯稱之為美國歷史意識的「特殊主義」。然而,也因為「特殊主義」中的新教「千禧年」時間觀以及共和「腐敗循環論」,以致,在書寫美國歷史時,史家或以更樂觀的視野看待美國的未來─如班克勞夫,或以較悲觀的視野來看待美國─如本文分析的對象,庫柏。而之所以有如此差異,則取決於史家個人歷史意識中,是新教「千禧年」時間觀凌駕於共和「腐敗循環論」,亦或恰恰相反。庫柏歷史意識中,是共和「腐敗循環論」凌駕於新教「千禧年」時間觀,以致於他的歷史小說是表現出「承諾、墮落、預示」的書寫模式;而他對社會的關懷,讓他更以強調共和社會曾主張的「互惠」、「互利」以及「父長式」關愛,以抗拒「自利」、「競爭」以及獨立個人的社會關係。
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