:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:論托克維爾的政治思想─ 一個共和主義的詮釋
作者:韋洪武
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:政治研究所
指導教授:江宜樺
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2005
主題關鍵詞:共和主義托克維爾民主身份平等多數專制民主專制中央集權個體主義自由結社republicanismTocquevilledemocracyequality of conditionmajority tyrannydemocratic tyrannycentralizationindividualismfreedomassociation
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:109
在托克維爾政治思想中,民主一直是核心的議題,也引發大西洋兩岸知識界熱烈的爭論。直到今天,政治、學術、新聞等各界仍經常引用他的觀點。本文即就托克維爾有關民主體制的思想進行研究,並發現可分梳為民主社會一般傾向、民主社會潛在的腐化危機,及民主體制存續之道三個面向進行討論。而這三個相關的部分,更可就其內在邏輯整合而成共和主義研究途徑。
首先,在民主社會的特徵及其發展方面,托克維爾認為民主社會強調國民主權及身份平等,雖然使社會充滿活力;但也易於衝動,缺乏遠見,造成庸俗的中產階級政治。同時在資本主義及工業革命影響下,可能會形成個體主義,使得人際關係疏離,且對公共事務冷漠;也造成物質主義,只想追求物質享受。大多數勞工也會有異化現象,淪為工作的奴隸。不過,民主社會也會發展出諸如結社、地方自治等鍛鍊政治自由的機制,提供個體自主性及公民性格寬廣的公共領域。托克維爾並主張國家利用宗教、法律培養公民參與的熱情與美德。這種觀念下的國家對人生計劃並不中立,顯現共和主義多於自由主義的立場。
其次,在民主體制潛藏的腐化危機方面,托克維爾指出三種可能形式。一是因身份平等可能切斷封建社會原有的社會紐帶,使得個體孤立無援,必須服從統治的多數,終而導致一種多數專制─以一種社會一致性窒息個體的思想。二是因公民追求物質主義過甚,竟而完全退出公共領域,並召喚一種保護性權力,在民主自由的形式下,溫柔親切地奴役人民。此亦即民主專制。三是在民主革命初期或資本主義發達之後,必將出現中央集權。國家為解決工業社會複雜的問題,因應人民龐雜的需求,在多數授權下集中所有權力,破壞了政治自由得以維繫的各種機制。
第三,在民主體制的維繫方面,托克維爾的主張也充滿共和主義的色彩。例如,為使公民保持自由的技藝,他認為,公民應參與鄉鎮自治、結社(特別是政治結社)、陪審團。而在培養公共精神的美德方面,托克維爾強調宗教的重要性。藉由教條式信仰,宗教可培養公民認識「適當理解的自利原則」。而且,民主社會也有賴宗教提供一種道德與知識的權威。在這一方面,女性公民扮演了傳承與複製的重要角色,因而在托克維爾的民主思想中也占有一席之地。
本文最後提出國民主權、身份平等、公私領域、社會共識等四方面的引申討論,進一步分析托克維爾共和主義式的民主思想,對當前主流民主理論所能提供的貢獻。此外,也依個人見解評論其不足之處。
Democracy has always been a core concept and a controversial issue in Tocqueville’s political thought at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Politicians, scholars as well as journalists still quote Tocqueville’s points at the present time. This thesis studies Tocqueville’s democratic thought, and analyzed it in three aspects: the general tendency of democratic societies, the potential danger of corruption in democratic societies, and the maintenance of democratic system. With the interlock between these aspects, this thesis integrated them into an approach of republicanism to Tocqueville’s democratic thought.
For the first aspect, Tocqueville believed that with the emphasis on popular sovereignty and equality of condition, democratic societies will bring themselves diversified vitality. However, the societies will also be passionate and myopic, as the characteristics of mediocre bourgeois politics. Influenced by capitalism and industrial revolution, the prevailing individualism in democratic societies results in social alienation, public apathy and overwhelming materialism. Most workers will degrade into slaves of their works. On the other hand, democracy will promote associations, local self-governments which provide public spheres to practice autonomy and citizenship through the art of political freedom. Furthermore, Tocqueville requested the states to cultivate the passion and virtue of civic participation by means of religion and law. States under this requirement is not neutral toward citizens’ life plans, and seems more republican than liberal.
For the second aspect, Tocqueville pointed out three possible forms of corruption from democratic societies: majority tyranny, democratic tyranny and centralization. First, majority tyranny results in extreme exploitation of equality of condition which cut off the original social bonds in feudal societies, hence isolate the individuals and render them totally helpless but to obey the ruling majority. Majority tyranny stifles citizen’s originality with social conformity. Secondly, mainly on account of materialism, citizens would escape into private life and material happiness, and moreover give away thoroughly public affairs to a tutelage power to enslave people gently within the liberal democratic form. That is democratic tyranny. Thirdly, centralization will present itself definitely, either during the early stage of democratic revolution or after capital economy is delivered. In order to solve the complicated problems in industrial societies, respond to a lot of diverse demands, the state concentrate all the power under the delegation of the majority, and destroy all kinds of mechanism which sustaining the art of political freedom.
For the third aspect, Tocqueville offered republican solution to the maintenance of democratic system. He thought that citizens should take part in township self-governance, associations (especially political associations) and the jury. He also emphasized the importance of religion in teaching the virtue of public spirit, as well as cultivating the knowledge of “the principle self-interest properly understood” by dogmatic belief. In the same way, religion affords ethical and intellectual authority to democratic societies. In this regard, the female citizens play so important part of sustaining and reproducing these ethical and intellectual lessons that Tocqueville had to illuminate the role of women in his democratic thought.
In addition to these interpretations, this thesis presents four related concepts for further discourse: popular sovereignty, equality of condition, public and private sphere and social consensus. Based on these discourses, the thesis evaluates the merit and deficiency of Tocqueville’s thought of republican democracy.
一、 托克維爾原典

DA: Democracy in America , tr. by George Lawrence , Garden City : Doubleday , 1969.

ER: The European Revolution and Correspondence with Gobineau , tr. by John Lukacs , Gloucestex , Massachusette : Peter Smith , 1968.

JA: Journey to America, ed. by J.P. Mayer, tr. by George Lawrence, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960.

JEI: Journey to England and Ireland, ed. by J.P. Mayer, tr. by George Lawrence, London: Faber and Faber, 1958.

OR: The Old Regime and the French Revolution , tr. by Stuart Gilbert , Garden City : Doubleday , 1955.

Re: Recollections , ed. By J. P. Mayer and A. P. Kerr , tr. by George Lawrence., Garden City : Doubleday , 1971.

SL: Selected Letters on Politics and Society , ed. By Roger Boesche , tr. by James Toupin and Roger Boesche , Berkley : University of California Press , 1985.

《論美國的民主》,董果良譯,北京:商務,1991。

《美國的民主》,秦修明譯,香港:今日世界社,1985。

《舊制度與大革命》,馮棠譯,香港:牛津,1994。

二、 中文文獻

天成
2003 〈論共和國─重申一個偉大而古老的傳統〉,王焱主編《憲政主義與現代國家》,北京:生活、讀書、新知三聯書店,頁190-224。

王振寰、錢永祥
1995 〈邁向新國家?民粹威權主義的形成與問題〉《台灣社會研究季刋》20,頁17-55。
Wilson, Graham K.原著,王鐵生譯
1993 《利益團體》,台北:五南。

丘昌泰
1987 〈美國民主的觀察家:托克維爾(1805-1859)─評介其對美國自由與
平等理念的觀察〉《思與言》25:1,頁85-99。

史深良
1989 《西方政制縱橫談》,台北:唐山。

石元康
1995 《當代自由主義理論》,台北:聯經。

江宜樺
1996 〈自由民主體制下的國家認同〉,《跨世紀台灣民主發展問題學術研討會》,台北:紀念殷海光先生學術基金會,頁1-25。

2001 《自由民主的理路》,台北:聯經。

李欣耀
1999 《托克維爾自由思想研究》,台北:政大政治所碩士論文。

房琦瑋
1998 《托克維爾與革命》,台北:中興大學歷史所碩士論文。

John (Lord) Acton原著,侯健、范亞峰譯
2001 《自由與權力─阿克頓勛爵論說文集》,北京:商務。

姚人多
2004 〈別為了民眾感受不到的問題而哭泣〉,《新新聞周報》,869:40-1。

韋洪武
1996 〈論多黨競爭與多數統治〉,《問題與研究》,35(1):17-29。

Immanuel Wallerstein、Giovanni Arrighi合著,郝名瑋、張凡譯
2002 《自由主義的終結》,北京:社科文獻。

Angelo Codevilla原著,張智仁譯
2001 《國家的性格─政治怎樣制造和破壞繁榮、家庭和文明禮貌》,台北:
聯經。

Currie, E. and J.H. Skolnick原著,張鳳國等譯
1994 《星條旗下的陰影:美國的社會事務與公共政策》,北京:東方。

張震東
1986 〈美國社會學中的托克維爾〉,《美國研究》16卷3期:85-142。

張震東
1991 〈托克維爾論民主社會之自由問題〉,戴華、鄭曉時主編《正義及其
相關問題》台北:中研院社科所:185-203。


Habermas, Jurgen原著,曹衛東譯
2002 《包容他者》,上海:上海人民。

Zinn, Howard原著,許先春、蒲國良、張愛平譯
2000 《美國人民的歷史》,上海:上海人民。

許國賢
1997 《倫理政治論:一個民主時代的反思》,台北:揚智文化。

Isaish Berlin原著,陳曉林譯
1986 《自由四論》,台北:聯經。

曾國祥
1993 《政治義務─思想史之起源及當代討論》,台北:台大政治所碩士論文。

Sartori, Giovanni原著,馮克利、閻克文譯
1998 《民主新論》,北京:東方。

黃淑玲
1995 《政治與寫作─托克維爾思想初探》,台北:輔大歷史所碩士論文。

楊淑娟
1994 《從人民(people)到大眾(mass)─大眾社會議題的一段發展源流》,台北:輔大歷史所碩士論文。

劉軍寧
1998 《共和、民主、憲政─自由主義思想研究》,上海:上海三聯。

John Elster and Rune Slagstad 原編,潘勤、謝鵬程譯
1997 《憲政與民主─理性與社會變遷研究》,上海:上海三聯。

蔡英文
2001 〈市民社會與自由民主:蓋爾勒對歷史唯物論的挑戰〉,蔡英文、張new window
福建主編《自由主義》台北:中研院社科所。頁105-141。

蕭高彥
2001 〈從共和主義到激進民主─盧梭的政治秩序論〉,蔡英文、張福建主編,《自由主義》,台北:中研院社科所,頁1-24。new window

2002 〈共和主義與現代政治〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,1:85-116。

錢永祥
2001 《縱欲與虛無之上;現代情境裡的政治倫理》,台北:聯經。

謝復生
1990 《民意、制衡與效率─論民主的價值》,台北:敦煌。

三、英文文獻
Arendt, Hannah
1958 The Human Conduct, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Aron , Raymond
1968 Main Currents in Sociological Thought , tr. by Richard Howard and
Helen Weaver , New York : Doubleday.

Baron , S.
1982 “Morality and Politics in Modern Life : Tocquevill and Solzhenitsyn
the Importance of Religion to Liberty” , Polity ,14(3) : 395-413.

Bell, Derrick and Preeta Bansal
1988 “The Republican Revival and Racial Politics”, Yale Law Journal, 97:1609-1621.

Bellah, Robert N.
1967 “Civil Religion in America”, Daedalus, 96(1):1-21.

Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and S. M. Tipton
1985 Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler
1987 Individualism and Commitment in American Life: Readings on the Themes of Habits of the Heart, New York: Harper & Row.

Benn, S.I. and R.S. Peters
1959 Social Principles and the Democratic State, New York: George Allen & Unwin.

Berger, P. L. and R. I. Neuhaus
1977 To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

Berlin, Isaish
1991 “Two Concepts of Liberty” in David Miller ed., Liberty, New York: Oxford University Press.

Berman , Sheri
1997 “Civil Society and Political Institutionalization” , The American Behavioral Scientist , (40) : 562-574.

Boesche , Roger
1980 “The Prison : Tocqueville’s Model for Despotism” , Western Political
Quarterly , 33(4) : 550-563.

1983 “Why Could Tocqueville Predict So Well” , Political Theory , 11(1) :
79-103

1987 The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville , Ithaca : Cornell
University Press.

1997 Theories of Tyranny : From Plato to Arendt , University Park :
Pennsylvania .

Brogan , H.
1973 Tocqueville , London : Fontana.

Bryce , James
1973 The Predictions of Hamilton and De Tocqueville , New York : Johnson
Reprint.

Carnoy , Martin
1984 The State and Political Theory , Princeton : Princeton University Press.

Carrese , Paul O.
1998 “Judicial Statesmanship , the Jurisprudence of Individualism , and
Tocqueville’s Common Law Spirit” , The Review of Politics , 60(3) :
465-495.

Clinton , D.
1998 “Tocqueville Challenge” , Washington Quarterly , 11(1) : 173-189.

Cohen, Jean L. and Andrew Arato
1994 Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Commager , Henry Steele
1977 Tocqueville : Centralization and Liberty , New York : Aspin Institute for
Humanistic Studies.

Commager , Henry Steele
1993 Commager on Tocqueville , Columbia : University of Missouri Press.

Connolly, William
1971 “Democracy and Territoriality”, Millennium Journal of International Studies, 20(3):463-84.

1994 “Tocqueville, Territory, and Violence”, Theory, Culture, and Society 11:19-41.

Copp , David , Jean Hampton , and John Roemer eds.
1993 The Idea of Democracy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Corwin, Edward S.
(1928)1971 The “Higher Law” Background of American Constitutional Law, Reprinted Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Cott, Nancy
1977 The Bonds of Womanhood: ”Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1780-1835, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Craiutu , Aurelian
1999 “Tocqueville and the Political Thought of the French Doctrinaires
(Guizot , Royer-Collard , R’emusat)” , History of Political Thought ,
20(3) : 456-493.

Dagger , Richard
1997 Right , Citizenship and Republican Liberalism : Civic Virtue , New York
: Oxford University Press.

Danhauser , Werner J.
1984 “Some Thoughts on Liberty , Equality and Tocqueville’s Democracy in
America” , Social Philosophy and Policy , 2(1) : 141-160.

Diggins , John
1984 The Lose Soul of American Politics : Virtue , Self-Interest and the
Foundation of Liberalism , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.

Dionne, E. J. ed.
1998 Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America, Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution.

Drescher , Seymour
1964 “Tocqueville’s Two Democracies” , Journal of History of Ideas , (25) :
201-216.

1964 Tocqueville and England , Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

1968 Tocqueville and Beaumont on Social Reform, New York: Harper and Row.

1988 “More than America: Comparison and Synthesis in Democracy in America”, in Abraham Eisentadt ed., Reconsidering Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press: 77-93.
1996 Dilemmas of Democracy : Tocqueville and Modernization , Ann Arbor :
University of Michigan Press.

Dumm, Thomas L.
1987 Democracy and Punishment: Disciplinary Origins of the United States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Eden , Robert
1986 “Tocqueville on Political Realignment and Constitutional Forms” ,
Review of Politics , 48(3) : 349-373.

Eden , Robert
1990 “Tocqueville and the Problem of Natural Right’ , Interpretation ,
17(3) : ???

Edwards, Bod, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani
2001 Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, Hanover, NH: Tufts University Press.

Eisentadt , Abraham , ed.
1988 Reconsidering Tocqueville’s Democracy in America , New Brunswick :
Rutgers University Press.

Elshtain, Jean Bethke
2000 “Women, Equality, and the Family” Journal of Democracy, 11(1):157-63.

Elster , Jon & Slagstad , Rune , eds.
1988 Constitutionalism and Democracy , New York : Cambridge University Press.

Engster , Dan
1998 “Democracy in the Balance : The Role of Statist , Liberal and
Republican Institutions in Tocqueville’s Theory of Liberty” , Polity ,
xxx(3) : 489-511.

Etzioni-Halevy, Eva
1983 Bureaucracy and Democracy, London: Routledge.

Feinberg, Joel
1973 Social Philosophy, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Foner, Philip S. ed.
1972 The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negros in the United States, 1791-1971, New York: Simon and Schuster.

Fraser, Andrew
1984 “Legal Amnesia: Modernism VS. The Republican Tradition in American Legal Theory”,Telos,60:5-24.

Frohnen , Bruce
1993 Virtue and the Promise of Conservatism : the Legacy of Burke and
Tocqueville , Lawrence : University Press of Kansas.

Fukuyama, Francis
1989 “The End of History”, National Interest, (16):3-18.

Fullinwider, Robert K.
1999 Civil Society, Democracy, and Civic Renewal, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.

Galston, William A.
1982 “Defending Liberalism” in American Political Science Review, 76: 611-31.

1987 “Tocqueville on Liberalism and Religion” , Social Research , 54(3) :
499-518.

2000 ‘Civil Society and the “Art of Association”’, Journal of Democracy 11(1):64-70.

Gauchet, Marcel
1994 “Tocqueville”, tr. Kennth Weisein and Eric Ward, in Mark Lilla, ed., New French Thought: Political Philosophy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Goldberg , Chad Alan
2001 “Social Citizenship and a Reconstructed Tocqueville” , American
Sociological Review , 66(2) : 289-315.

Goldstein , Dorid
1975 Trial of Faith : Religion and Politics in Tocqueville’s Thought , New
York : Elsevier.
Gramsci, Anthonio
1971 Seletions from the Prison Notebooks, London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Hacker, Andrew
1992 Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, New York: Soribners.

Hadari , Saguiv A.
1988 Theory in Practice : Tocqueville’s New Science of Politics , Stanford :
Stanford University Press.

Hadari , S. A.
1988 “Unintended Consequences in Periods of Transition : Tocqueville’s
Recollections Revisited” , American Journal of Political Science ,
33(1) : 136-149.

Hamilton, Alexander, Jame Madison, and John Jay
1982 The Federalist Papters, New York: Bantam.

Hampsher-Monk, Iain
1984 “Review Article: Political Languages in Time-The Work of J.G.A. Pocock”, British Journal of Political Science, 14:123-45.

Hart, H.L.A.
1961 The Concept of Law, New York: Clarendon.

Hartz, Louis
1955 The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Hegel, G.W.H. tr. T..M. Knox
1976 Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hennis , Wilhelm
1988 “Tocqueville’s Perspective Democracy in America : In Search of the
New Science of Politics” , Interpretation , 16 : 61-86.

Hereth , Michael
1986 Alexis de Tocqueville : Threats to Freedom in Democracy , Durham :
Duke University Press.

Herr , R.
1962 Tocqueville and the Old Regime , Princeton , N. J. : Princeton University Press.

Hewitt, Nancy
1984 Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester 1822-1872, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Hinckley , Cynthia J.
1986 The Role of Religion in the Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, Michigan: University Microfilm International.

1990 “Tocqueville on Religious Truth and Political Necessity” , Polity , 23(1)
:39-52.

Holmes , Stephen
1993 “Tocqueville and Democracy’ , in David Copp , Jean Hampton and
John E. Roemer eds. , The Idea of Democracy , Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press.

Horwitz, Morton J.
1966 “Tocqueville and the Tyranny of the Majority”, Review of Politics 28(3): 293-307.

Hulliung , M.
1975 Montesquieu and the Old Regime , Berkeley and Los Angeles :
University of California Press.

Issac , Jeffery C.
1988 “Republicanism vs. Liberalism? A Reconsideration” , History of Political Thought , 9(2) : 349-77.

Jacobitti, S. D.
1991 “Individualism and Political Community : Arendt and Tocqueville on the
Current Debate in Liberalism” , Polity , 23(4) : 585-604.

Jardin , Andre
1988 Tocqueville : A Biography , New York : Farrar , Strauss & Giroux.

Kahan, Alan S.
1985 “Tocqueville’s Two Revolutions” , Journal of the History of Ideas ,
46(4) : 585-596.

1992 Aristocratic Liberalism : the Social and Political Thought of Jacob
Burkhardt , John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville , New York :
Oxford University Press.

Kelly, George Armstrong
1987 “Parnassian Liberalism in 19th Century France : Tocqueville , Renan ,
Flaubert” , History of Political Thought , 30(3) : 475-503.

1992 The Humane Comedy : Constant , Tocqueville and French Liberalism ,
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Kessler, Sanford
1977 “Tocqueville on Civil Religion and Liberal Democracy” , Journal of
Politics , 39(1) : 119-46.

Kessler, Sanford
1992 “Tocqueville’s Puritans : Christianity and the American Founding” ,
(54) : 776-792.

Kloppenberg , James T.
1987 “The Virtues of Liberalism : Christianity , Republicanism , and Ethics in
Early American Political Discourse” , The Journal of American History ,74 : 9-33

Koritansky , John
1987 Alexis de Tocqueville and the New Science of Politics , Durham :
Carolina Academic Press.

Kornhauser, W.
1959 The Politics of Mass Society, Glencoe: The Free Press.

Kovecses, Z.
1994 “Tocqueville’s Passionate Beast : A Linguistic Analysis of the Concept of American Democracy” , Metaphor and Symbolic Activity , 9(2) : 113-133.

Kraynak, Robert
1989 ”Tocqueville’s Constitutionalism” , American Political Science Review ,
81(4) : 1175-95.

Kristol, William
1993 “Women’s Liberation: The Relevance of Tocqueville” in Ken Masugi (ed.), Interpreting Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.

Lakoff , Sanford
1987 “Liberty , Equality and Democracy : Tocqueville’s Response to Rousseau” in George Feaver and Fredrick Rosen eds., Lives , Liberties and the Public Good : New Essays in Political Theory for Maurice Cranston , New York : St. Martins Press.

1998 “Tocqueville , Burke and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism” , The
Review of Politics , 60(3) : 435-64.

Lamberti , Jean-Claude
1989 Tocqueville and the Two Democracies , Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

Laudes, Joan
1988 Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of French Revolution, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Lawler , Peter Augustine
1983 “Tocqueville on Religion and Human Excellence” , Southeastern
Political Review , (11) : 139-160.

1987 “Tocqueville on Metaphysics and Human Excellence” , Teaching
Political Science , (14) : ???

1989 “Tocqueville’s Elusive Moderation” , Polity , (22) : 181-189.

1990 “Was Tocqueville a Philosopher?” , Interpretation , (17) : 401-414.

1993 The Restless Mind : Alexis de Tocqueville on the Origin and Perpetuation
of Human Liberty, Lanham , Md : Rowman & Littfield.

Lawler , Peter Augustine and Joseph Alulis eds.
1993 Tocqueville’s Defense of Human Liberty : Current Essays , New York :
Garland.

Lawler , Peter Augustine
1995 “Tocqueville on the Doctrine of Interest” , Government and Opposition , 30(2) : 221-239.

1995 “Tocqueville on Pride , Interest and Love” , Polity , (28) : 217-236.

Lefort, Claude
1988 Democracy and Political Theory, tr. By David Macey, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Lerner , Max ed.
1993 Tocqueville and the American Civilization , New Brunswick: Transaction.

1994 Magisterial Imagination : Six Masters of the Human Science , New
Brunswick : Transaction.

Levin , Michael
1992 The Spectre of Democracy : The Rise of Modern Democracy as Seen
by It’s Critics , London : Macmillan.

Lijphart, Arend
1977 Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Explorative, New Haven: Yale University Press.

1984 Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lilla , Mark
1994 New French Thought : Political Philosophy , Princeton, N. J. : Princeton
University Press.

Lipset, Seymour
1963 The First New Nation, Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Lively , Jack
1965 The Social and Political Thought of Alexis Tocqueville, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

1990 The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville , Oxford :
Clarendon Press.

Lombardo, P. A.
1981 “Historic Echoes : Romantic Emphasis in Tocqueville’s Democracy in
America” , Journal of Thought , 16(2) : 67-80.

Lowi, Theodore J.
1979 The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, New York: Norton & Company.

Machiavelli, Niccolo
1989 Machiavelli: The Chief Words and Others, tr. Allan Gilbert, Durham: Duke University Press.

Macuse, Herbert
1964 One-Dimentional Man, Boston: Beacon Press.

Maddox, Graham
1982 ‘A Note on the Meaning of “Constitution” ’, American Political Science Review, 76:805-9.

Mahoney, Daniel J.
1993 “Tocqueville and Socialism”, in Peter Lawler, Joseph Alulis, eds., Tocqueville’s Defense of Human Liberty: Curren Essays, New York: Gayland, pp.177-201.

Maletz , Donald J.
1998 “The Spirit of Tocqueville’s Democracies” , Polity , 30(3) : 513-530.

Maletz , Donald J.
2001 “Tocqueville on the Society of Liberties” , The Review of Politics ,
63(3) : 461-483.

Manent , P.
1982 “Tocqueville on Democratic Man” , Government and Opposition ,
17(2) : 198-210.

Manent , Pierre
1996 Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy , London: Rawman & Littfield.

Masugi Ken ed.
1991 Interpreting Tocqueville’s Democracy in America , Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littfield.

Mayer, J.P.
1960 Alexis de Tocqueville: A Biographical Essay, New York: Harper.

1979 Prophet of the Mass Age , New York : Arno Press.

1996 Alexis de Tocqueville : A Biographical Study in Political Science ,
Gloucester , Mass. : Peter Smith.

McIlwain, Chales H.
1947 Constitutionalism, Ancient and Modern, Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press.

McWilliams, Wilson Carey
1992 “Comments on Stephan Schneck’s Reading of Tocqueville”, Polity, xxv(2):299-306.

Melden, A. I.
1988 Rights in Moral Life, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Michell , Harvey
1988 “The Changing Conditions of Freedom: Tocqueville in the Light of
Rousseau” , History of Political Thought , IX(3) : 431-453.

Michell , Harvey
1988 “Tocqueville’s Mirage or Reality? Political Freedom from old Regime
to Revolution “ , Journal of Modern History , (60) : 28-54.

Michell , Harvey
1989 “Alexis de Tocqueville and the Legacy of the French Revolution” ,
Social Research , (56) : 127-159.

Mill , John Stuart
1948 On Liberty and Consideration on Representative Government, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

1975 Essays on Politics and Society , ed. by J. M. Robson , Toronto :
University of Toronto Press.

Mitchell , Joshua
1995 The Fragility of Freedom : Tocqueville on Religion , Democracy , and
the American Future , Chicago : University of Chicago Press.

Mitchell , Harvey
1996 Individual Choice and the Structures of History : Alexis de Tocqueville
as Historian Reappraised , N. Y. : Cambridge University Press.

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
1961 The Persian Letters, ed. and tr. Robert Loy, Cleveland: World Publishing Co.

1989 The Spirit of Laws ed. and tr. Anne Cohler, Basia Miller, and Harold Stone, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Moore, Barrington Jr.
1973 Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, New York: Penguin.

Morton , F. L.
1984 “Sexual Equality and the Family in Tocqueville’s Democracy in
America” , Canadian Journal of Political Science , 17(2) : 309-324.

Nielsen, K.
1990 “State Authority and Legitimation”, in P. Harris ed., On Political Obligation, New York: Routledge.

Nisbet, Robert
1962 Community and Power, New York: Oxford University Press.

1976 “Many Tocquevilles”, The American Scholar, 46:59-75.

1980 Conservatism: Dream and Reality, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

1988 “Tocqueville’s Ideal Type”, in Abraham Eisentadt, ed., Reconsidering Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, New Brunswick: Rutgers Uni- versity Press, pp.186-91.

Nolla , Eduardo ed.
1992 Liberty , Equality , Democracy , New York : New York University Press.

Nugent , W.
1988 “Tocqueville, Marx and American Class Structure “ , Social Science
History , 12(4) : 327-347.

Oakeshott, Michael J.
1975 On Human Conuct, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Oldfield , Adrian
1990 Citizenship and Community : Civic Republicanism and the Modern
World , London : Routledge.

Olson, Mancus
1982 The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidites, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Pappe , H. O.
1994 “Mill and Tocqueville” in Subrata Mukherjee and Sushila Ramaswamy
eds. , Great Western Political Thinkers(10) : John Stuart Mill(1806-1873) , New Delhi : Deep &Deep , pp.348-369.

Pierson , George Wilson
1938 Tocquevill in America , Baltimore : The John Hopkins University Press.

Pocock, J.G.A.
1975 The Machiavellian Moment, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Poggi Gianfranco
1972 Image of Society : Essays on the Sociological Theories of Tocqueville ,
Marx and Durkheim , Stanford : Stanford University Press.

Pope , Whitney
1986 Alexis de Tocqueville : His Social and Political Theory , Beverly Hills :
Sage.

Qualter , Terence H.
1993 “John Stuart Mill , Disciple of De Tocqueville” , in Subrata Mukherjee
and Sushila Ramaswamy eds. , Great Western Political Thinkers(10) :
John Stuart Mill(1806-1873) , New Delhi : Deep &Deep , pp.335-347.

Rahe, Paul
1992 Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Raphael, D.D.
1990 Problems of Political Philosophy, New York: Macmillan.

Rawls , John
1996 Political Liberalism, paperback edition, New York: Columbia Uniersity Press.

1971 A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

2001 Justice as Fairness , Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

Reinhardt , Mark
1997 The Art of Being Free : Taking Liberties With Tocqueville , Marx and
Arendt , Ithaca :Cornell University Press.

Richter , Melvin
1963 “Tocqueville on Algeria”, Review of Politics, 25:371-95.

1970 “The Use of Theory : Tocqueville’s Adaptation of Montesquieu” , in .
his ed., Essays in Theory and History : An Approach to the Social
Science , Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

1981 “Modernity and its Distinctive Threats to Liberty : Montesquieu and
Tocqueville on New Forms of Illegitimate Domination” , in M. Hereth
And J. Hoffken eds. , Alexis de Tocqueville – Zur Politik in der
Demokratie , Baden-Baden , pp.61-80.

1982 “Toward a Concept of Political Illegitimacy”, Political Theory,10:185 -214.

1988 “Tocqueville, Napoleon, and Bonapartism”, in Abraham Eisenstadt ed., Reconsidering Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,pp.110-45.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques
1964 The First and Second Discourses and On the Social Contract, ed. by Roger Masters, New York: St. Martin’s.

Ryan, Mary
1981 Cradle of the Middle Class: the Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790-1865, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1992 “Gender and Public Access: Women’s Politics in Nineteenth-Century America”, in Craig Calhoun, ed. Habermas and the Public Sphere, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp.259-288.

Sandel, Michael
1984 Liberalism and It’s Critics, Oxford: Blackwell.

Satz, Debra
1993 “Tocqueville, Commerce, and Democracy” in David Copp, Jean Hampton and John Roemer, The Idea of Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schleifer , James
1980 The Making of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America , Chapel Hill : The
University of North Carolina Press.

Schneck , Stephan
1989 “Habits of the Head: Tocqueville’s America and Jazz”, Political Theory 17(no.4):638-62.

1992 “New Readings of Tocqueville’s America : Lessons for Democracy” ,
Polity , xxv(2) : 283-98.

Shapiro, L.
1972 Totalitarianism, London: Macmillan.

Shaw, Carl K.Y.
1992 “Hegel’s Theory of Modern Bureaucracy”, American Political Science Review, 86(2):381-9.

Sheehan , James J.
1978 German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century , Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Shiner , Larry E.
1988 The Secret Mirror : Literary Form and History in Tocqueville’s Recollections , Ithaca : Cornell University Press.

Siedentop , Larry
1994 Tocqueville , Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Simmon, J.A.
1979 Moral Principles and Political Obligation, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Skocpol , Theda
1979 State and Social Revolutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1996 “The Tocqueville Problem : Civic Engagement in American
Democracy”, Social Science History , 21(4) : 455-479.

1996 “Unraveling from above” The American Perspective, 25:20-5.

Smith , Bruce James
1985 Politics and Rememberance : Republican Themes in Machiavelli , Burke
and Tocqueville , Princeton : Princeton University Press.

Smith , Dennis
1990 Capitalist Democracy on Trial : the Transatlantic Debates from
Tocqueville to the Present , New York : Routledge.

Smith, James McCune
1972 “On the Fourteenth Query of Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia”, in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negros in the United States, 1791-1971, New York: Simon and Schuster.

Smith , Rogers M.
1993 “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal and Hartz : The Multiple Traditions in
America” , American Political Science Review , 87(3) : 549-566.

Spitz, Elaine
1984 Majority Rule, Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House.

Spragens Jr., Thomas A.
1990 Reason and Democracy, Durham: Duke University Press.

Stevens , J. Smith
1995 “Beyond Tocqueville, Please” , American Political Science Review ,
89(4) : 987-995.

Talmon, J. L.
1952 The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy, London: Secker and Warburg.

Tarrow, Sidney
1996 “Making Social Science Work across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnum’s Making Democracy Work” American Political Science Review, 90:389-97.

Taylor, Charles
1979 “What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty”, in Alan Ryan ed., The Idea of Freedom: Essay in Honor of Isaiah Berlin, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1991 The Ethics of Authenticity , Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

Terchek , Ronald J.
1997 Republican Paradoxes and Liberal Anxieties : Retrieving Neglected
Fragments of Political Theory , Lanham : Rowman &Littlefield.

Vernon , R.
1986 Citizenship and Order : Studies in French Political Thought , Toronto : University of Toronto Press.

Wade , L. L.
1985 “Tocqueville and Public Choice” , Public Choice , 47(3) :491-508.
Walzer, Michael
1983 Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality, New York: Basic Book.

Welch, Cheryl B.
2001 De Tocqueville, New York: Oxford University Press.

Wheare, Kenneth C.
1951 Modern Constitutions, New York: Oxford University Press.

White, Haydon
1973 Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wilentz, Sean
1988 “Many Democracies: On Tocqueville and Jacksonian America”, in Abraham Eisentadt, ed., Reconsidering Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Withrop , Delba
1981 “Tocqueville’s Old Regime” , Review of Politics , 43(1) : 88-111.

1986 “Tocqueville’s American Woman and the True Conception of
Democratic Process” , Political Theory , 14(2) : 239-261.

1992 “Comments on Stephan Schneck’s Reading of Tocqueville’s Democracy”, Polity, xxv(2):307-13.

1994 “Rights, Interest, and Honor”, in Peter Lawler and Joseph Alulis eds,
Tocqueville’s Defense of Human Liberty: Current Essays, New York: Garland.

Wolin , Sheldon S.
1961 Politic and Vision : Continuity and Innovation in Western Political
Thought , London : George Allen & Unwin.

1989 The Presence of the Past : Essays on the State and the Constitution ,
Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press.

2001 Tocqueville between Two Worlds: The Making of a Political and Theoretical Life, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Wudel , Darcy Edwin
1996 Tocqueville’s Statecraft of Decentralization ,Toronto :Ph. D. Dissertation
Of University of Toronto.

Young, Iris Marion
1990 Justice and Politics of Difference, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Zeitlin , Irving M.
1971 Liberty , Equality and Revolution in Alexis de Tocqueville , Boston :
Little , Brown.

Zetterbaum , Marvin
1967 Tocqueville and the Problem of Democracy ,Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Zuckert , C.
1981 “Not by Preaching : Tocqueville on the Role of Religion in American
Democracy” , Review of Politics , 43(2) : 259-280.

1992 “The Role of Religion in Preserving American Liberty- Tocqueville’s Analysis 150 Years Later”, in Eduardo Nolla ed., Liberty, Equality, Democracy, New York: New York University Press, pp.21-36.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE